Sulfozinum Explained

Sulfozinum (sulfazin) is a pharmaceutical drug that causes a pyrogenic reaction (body temperature elevation)[1] [2] and severe pain.[3] Sulfozinum is a 0.37 - 2% sterilized solution of purified elemental sulfur in peach oil or olive oil for intramuscular injections. The preparation is unstable, so it was prepared only in local hospital pharmacies. In the Soviet Union, it was used in the pyrogenic treatment of syphilitic encephalitis (mostly in the pre-antibiotics era), various psychiatric conditions,[4] [5] and alcoholism.[6] Sulfozin was not used in American psychiatry.[3]

The American delegation during its visit to the USSR in 1989 confirmed charges of the use of sulfozine injections.[7] Psychiatrists in the USSR employed sulfozine treatment allegedly to increase treatment response to neuroleptic administration but were unable to present any research evidence of its efficiency for this purpose.[8] The muscle necrosis, fever, immobility, and severe pain caused by sulfozine, as well as the pattern of its use in 10 persons, suggest that the medication was applied for punitive rather than therapeutic purposes.[8]

Real benefits of its use in psychiatry are disputable, but it was widely used due to its extremely painful action, lasting from several hours to 2–3 days, as a punishment for psychiatric patients and in political abuse of psychiatry.[9] Sulfozine symbolised Soviet punitive psychiatry.[10]

In 1989, during Perestroika, its use was restricted only to cases when its prescription was confirmed both by consilium and by informed consent of the patient or his representatives.[11] Its present use is not known.

In post-Soviet Russia

Some psychiatrists in post-Soviet Russia call the criticism of sulfozin attacks on psychiatry and still believe that sulfozin was sometimes the only effective treatment when all other ones were ineffective in calming down violent patients.[12] The psychiatrists say that sulfozin really brought a psychosis to remission.[12]

References

  1. 13562185 . 1958 . Malkina . MG . Martynov . LA . Stimulation of pyrogenic effect of sulfozine . 21 . 3 . 47–9 . Farmakologiia i Toksikologiia.
  2. Zaltsman GI, Lunskii GP . Effect of aminazin on hyperthermia produced with sulfozin. Izvestiia. Seriia Fiziologii I Meditsiny Qazaq SSR Ghylym Akademiiasy. 1961. 2. 96–100. 24547024. 2.
  3. Trends in Soviet and Post-Soviet Psychiatry. The PSR Quarterly. June 1992. 2. 2. 67–76. Probes, Lawrence . Kouznetsov, Vladimir . Verbitski, Vladimir . Molodyi, Vadim . 1051-2438.
  4. 6118983 . 1981 . Antropov . IuF . Various methods of overcoming resistance to therapy in childhood and adolescent schizophrenia . 81 . 10 . 1522–6 . Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova.
  5. 13668869 . 1959 . Dochkov . Zh . Sulfozin therapy of certain psychoses . 10 . 1 . 81–8 . Suvremenna Meditsina.
  6. 7232391 . 1981 . Kalabukha . AV . Kalabukha . VA . Use of sulfozine to treat chronic alcoholism in pulmonary tuberculosis . 3 . 38–41 . Problemy Tuberkuleza.
  7. Moran, Mark. Psychiatric abuses once led to Cold War confrontation. Psychiatric News. 5 November 2010. 45. 21. 6. 10.1176/pn.45.21.psychnews_45_21_009.
  8. Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1989. 15. 4 Suppl. 3. 2638045. 10.1093/schbul/15.suppl_1.1. 20 February 2014. free.
  9. Book: Korotenko A.I. . Alinkina N.V. . Soviet Psychiatry : delusions and intentions . Kiev . Sfera . 2002 . 60 . Russian . 9667841367.
  10. Book: Amnesty International French Medical Commission and Valérie Marange. Doctors and torture: resistance or collaboration?. 1991. Bellew Pub. 0947792562. 64.
  11. http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Приказ_Минздрава_СССР_от_15.08.1989_№_470 Приказ Минздрава СССР от 15.08.1989 № 470
  12. Web site: Extreme psychiatry. ABC magazine. Malyavin, Maxim. Russian. 13 July 2012.