Women's College World Series Explained

The Women's College World Series (WCWS) is the final portion of the NCAA Division I softball tournament for college softball in the United States. The eight teams of the WCWS play a double-elimination tournament until just two teams remain. These two teams compete in a best-of-three series to determine the Division I WCWS National Champion. Previous WCWS losses do not factor into the best-of-three championship series, and the first team to win two of three games is declared the National Champion.

Like the Men's College World Series in baseball, the WCWS initially divides the eight teams ranked one (the top seed) thru eight and are then divided into two brackets of four teams. The teams play their first-round match up as follows: 1 v 8, 2 v 7, 3 v 6 and 4 v 5. Unique to the WCWS is that the loser of the first-round game on one side of the bracket crosses over to the loser's bracket on the other side. Suffering a second loss eliminates said team from the WCWS. Round number two will feature the four winners of round-one games against each other, with the highest remaining seed vs the lowest remaining undefeated seed. In the losers bracket, the four first round losers face each other, with the two winners advancing while the losers who suffer their second loss are eliminated from tourney play. Round three features the two losing teams from round two (winners bracket) vs round two-winners (from losers bracket) while the remaining two undefeated teams get a day of rest. Once round three is complete, there will now be four teams eliminated. The remaining four teams will then play each other in round four, with one team with one loss playing one team with no losses. If a team with a loss loses again, they are eliminated. If teams with no losses suffer a (first) loss, the remaining teams will then be realigned and forced to play one last time, with the winners advancing to the best-of-three championship series. If by chance one or both unbeaten teams win in round four, then that team (or both teams) advances to the best-of-three championship series. From there games are cut to one game per day over the next three days (weather pending). This feature allows any two of the eight WCWS teams to potentially comprise the final two, unlike the MCWS, whose two halves remain separate until the championship series.^[1]

The WCWS takes place at Devon Park in Oklahoma City. From 1969 to 1981, the women's collegiate softball championship was also known as the Women's College World Series and was promoted as such.^[2] During 1969–1979, the series was played in Omaha, after which the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) held the series in 1980–1982 in Norman, Oklahoma. There were two competing World Series tournaments in 1982. The NCAA held its first six Division I tournaments in Omaha in 1982–1987, followed by Sunnyvale, California, in 1988–1989. The event has been held in Oklahoma City every year since then, except for 1996, when it was held at the softball venue for the '96 Olympic Games in Columbus, Georgia.

Softball was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the AIAW for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve (and other) sports. The 1982 softball championship tournaments of both the AIAW and the NCAA were called "Women's College World Series". However, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA won out over the AIAW.^[3] Pac-12 schools have won 65% of the Championships since 1982, followed by the Big 12 with 10%, and the SEC with 7.8%.

Division I

NCAA

Year	Location	Champion[4]	Title series score***	Runner-up	Semifinalists/tie-3rd		Tie-5th		Tie-7th (first 2 eliminated)
1982	Seymour Smith Park Omaha, NE	UCLA WCAA	2–0 (8 inn)	Fresno State NorPac	WCAA	WCAA	Big Eight	MAC	Gateway	Big Eight
1983	Seymour Smith Park Omaha, NE	Texas A&M Southwest	2–0 (12 inn)	WCAA	WCAA	Independent	Southland	NorPac	Big Ten	Big Eight
1984	Seymour Smith Park Omaha, NE	UCLA WCAA	1–0 (13 inn)	Texas A&M Southwest	Big Ten	Big Eight	Atlantic 10	NorPac	CCAA	High Country
1985	Seymour Smith Park Omaha, NE	UCLA WCAA	2–1 (9 inn)	Big Eight	PCAA	CCAA	Atlantic 10	Big Ten	Southland	High Country
1986	Seymour Smith Park Omaha, NE	Cal State Fullerton PCAA	3–0	Texas A&M Southwest	NorPac	Big Ten	Gateway	PCAA	Southland	Big Ten
1987	Seymour Smith Park Omaha, NE	Texas A&M Southwest	4–1	UCLA Pac-10	PCAA	Big Eight	MAC	PCAA	Pac-10	Metro
1988		UCLA Pac-10	3–0	Fresno State PCAA	Pac-10	CCAA	Big Eight	Southwest	Atlantic 10	North Star
1989		UCLA Pac-10	1–0	Fresno State Big West	Pac-10	Big Eight	CCAA	Pac-10	Metro	MAC
1990		UCLA Pac-10	2–0	Fresno State Big West	Metro	Big Eight	Big West	Big West	Pac-10	MAC
1991		Arizona Pac-10	5–1	UCLA Pac-10	Big West	Big West	Metro	Big Eight	Big West	WAC
1992		UCLA Pac-10	2–0	Arizona Pac-10	Big West	Atlantic 10	Pac-10	Big West	ACC	Big Eight
1993		Arizona Pac-10	1–0	UCLA Pac-10	Sun Belt	Big Eight	WAC	Connecticut Big East	ACC	Big West
1994		Arizona Pac-10	4–0	WAC	Big Eight	Pac-10	WAC	WAC	Mid-Con	Big Eight
1995		UCLA** Pac-10	4–2	Arizona Pac-10	Big Ten	Big West	Big West	Sun Belt	Big Ten	Ivy
1996		Arizona Pac-10	6–4	Washington Pac-10	Big Ten	Pac-10	Pac-10	Sun Belt	Big Ten	Ivy
1997		Arizona Pac-10	10–2 (5 inn)	UCLA Pac-10	WAC	Pac-10	Big Ten	Big Ten	Atlantic 10	SEC
1998		Fresno State WAC	1–0	Arizona Pac-10	Big 12	Pac-10	Big Ten	Big 12	Atlantic 10	Big 12
1999		UCLA Pac-10	3–2	Washington Pac-10	Pac-10	Conference USA	Pac-10	WAC	Pac-10	Conference USA
2000		Oklahoma Big 12	3–1	UCLA Pac-10	Pac-10	Conference USA	SEC	Pac-10	Pac-10	Conference USA
2001		Arizona Pac-10	1–0	UCLA Pac-10	SEC	Pac-10	Pac-10	Big 12	Big Ten	Big Ten
2002		California Pac-10	6–0	Arizona Pac-10	Pac-10	ACC	Big 12	Pac-10	Big Ten	Big 12
2003		UCLA Pac-10	1–0 (9 inn)	Pac-10	Pac-10	Big 12	Big 12	Pac-10	SEC	Sun Belt
2004		UCLA Pac-10	3–1	Pac-10	SEC	Pac-10	ACC	Big 12	Big Ten	Pac-10
2005***		Michigan Big Ten	0–5 5–2 4–1 (10 inn)	UCLA Pac-10	SEC	Big 12	SEC	Pac-10	Pac-10	Conference USA
2006		Arizona Pac-10	8–0 5–0	Big Ten	SEC	Pac-10	Pac-10	Big 12	SEC	Pac-10
2007		Arizona Pac-10	0–3 1–0 (10 inn) 5–0	Tennessee SEC	Big Ten	Pac-10	Big 12	Big East	Pac-10	Big 12
2008		Arizona State Pac-10	3–0 11–0	Texas A&M Big 12	SEC	Florida SEC	Sun Belt	Pac-10	Pac-10	ACC
2009		Washington Pac-10	8–0 3–2	Florida SEC	SEC	SEC	Pac-10	Big Ten	Pac-10	Big 12
2010		UCLA Pac-10	6–5 (8 inn) 15–9	Arizona Pac-10	SEC	SEC	Florida SEC	WAC	Big 12	Pac-10
2011		Arizona State Pac-10	14–4 7–2	Florida SEC	Alabama SEC	Big 12	Pac-10	Big 12	Big 12	Big 12
2012		Alabama SEC	1–4 8–6 5–4	Big 12	California Pac-12	Pac-12	Pac-12	SEC	Big East	SEC
2013		Oklahoma Big 12	5–3 (12 inn) 4–0	SEC	Pac-12	Big 12	Big Ten	Florida SEC	Pac-12	Big Ten
2014		Florida SEC	5–0 6–3	Alabama SEC	Pac-12	Big 12	Big 12	SEC	Louisiana–Lafayette Sun Belt	ACC
2015		Florida SEC	3–2 0–1 4–1	Michigan Big Ten	Auburn SEC	SEC	Pac-12	Alabama SEC	Pac-12	SEC
2016		Oklahoma Big 12	3–2 7–11 (8 inn) 2–1	Auburn SEC	ACC	SEC	Big Ten	SEC	Alabama SEC	Pac-12
2017		Oklahoma Big 12	7–5 (17 inn) 5–4		Pac-12	Pac-12	SEC	Pac-12	Big 12	SEC
2018		Florida State ACC	1–0 8–3	Washington Pac-12	Pac-12	Big 12	Pac-12	SEC	SEC	Pac-12
2019		UCLA Pac-12	16–3 5–4	Big 12	Alabama SEC	Pac-12	Pac-12	Big 12	SEC	Big Ten
2020	No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2021		Oklahoma Big 12	4–8 6–2 5–1	ACC	Alabama SEC	CAA	Big 12	Pac-12	Pac-12	SEC
2022		Oklahoma Big 12	16–1 10–5	Texas Big 12	Big 12	UCLA Pac-12	Arizona Pac-12	SEC	Big Ten	Oregon State Pac-12
2023		Oklahoma Big 12	5–0 3–1	ACC	Stanford Pac-12	Tennessee SEC	Pac-12	Big 12	Pac-12	SEC
2024		Oklahoma Big 12	8–3 8–4	Texas Big 12	Stanford Pac-12	Florida SEC	UCLA Pac-12	Alabama SEC	Duke ACC	Oklahoma State Big 12

* Nebraska's runner-up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA.

** The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations. Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland, Australia, midway through the 1995 season. After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship, Harding, the MVP of the tournament, returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit. Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding, the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns.^{[5] [6]}

*** Beginning in 2005, a best-of-three series determines the national championship.

AIAW

From 1969 to 1972, the DGWS (forerunner organization of the AIAW) recognized the WCWS, organized by the Amateur Softball Association, as the collegiate championship tournament. The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973.

Year	Champion	Title series game score(s)	Runner-up
1969		2–0
1970		0–2 7–6
1971		6–0 4–0
1972		0–1 8–5 (11 inn)	Nihon University
1973		0–4 4–3 (16 inn)
1974		14–7
1975		1–11 6–4
1976		3–0
1977		0–1 (9 inn) 7–0
1978		3–0
1979		1–0 1–0
1980		1–0 2–1
1981		1–6 4–3
1982		4–1 5–3 (8 inn)

NCAA team titles by school

Team	Number	Winning years
style=		12	1982, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2019
style=		8	1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2007
style=		8	2000, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
style=		2	2008, 2011
style=		2	2014, 2015
style=		2	1983, 1987
style=		1	2012
style=		1	1986
style=		1	2002
style=		1	2018
style=		1	1998
style=		1	2005
style=		1	2009

*UCLA also won the 1995 title, but it has since been vacated by the NCAA; see above.

AIAW team titles by school

From 1969 to 1972, the DGWS (forerunner organization of the AIAW) recognized the WCWS, organized by the Amateur Softball Association, as the collegiate championship tournament. The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973.

School	Championships	Years
style=		3	1969, 1970, 1971 (all DGWS)
style=		2	1972 (DGWS), 1973
style=		2	1980, 1981
style=		2	1981, 1982 (both slow pitch)
style=		1	1974
style=		1	1975
style=		1	1976
style=		1	1977
style=		1	1978
style=		1	1979
style=		1	1982

Championships & appearances by school

• Color coded by current conference.
• Bold indicates team championship.
• Teams are listed under their current athletic brand names.

School	Championships (through 2024)	Title games/series (through 2024)	WCWS appearances (through 2024)	WCWS appearances (through 2024)
UCLA‡	13	22	35	1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2024
Arizona	8	14	29	1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2019, 2021, 2022
Oklahoma	8	10	21	1975, 1980, 1981, 1982, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Arizona State	4	4	19	1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1987, 1999, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018
Oklahoma State	0	1	16	1977, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1982, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2011, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
Washington	1	4	15	1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2023
California	1	3	15	1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012
Alabama	1	2	15	2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2021, 2023, 2024
Michigan	1	2	13	1982, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016
Florida	2	5	12	2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024
Florida State	1	3	12	1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2021, 2023
Fresno State	1	5	12	1982, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999
Texas A&M	3	6	12	1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 2007, 2008, 2017
	0	3	11	1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979
South Carolina	0	0	11	1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1989, 1997
Missouri State	1	2	10	1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982
Omaha	1	1	10	1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979
Nebraska‡	0	0	9	1970, 1971, 1982, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998, 2002, 2013
Cal State Fullerton	1	3	8	1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986 1987, 1995
Illinois State	0	2	8	1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1981
Western Illinois	0	0	8	1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982
Oregon	0	0	8	1976, 1980, 1989, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018
Tennessee	0	2	8	2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2023
Missouri	0	0	7	1981, 1983, 1991, 1994, 2009, 2010, 2011
Cal Poly Pomona	0	0	7	1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989
Texas	0	2	7	1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2013, 2022, 2024
Kansas	0	0	7	1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1992
Michigan State	1	1	6	1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981
Louisiana	0	0	6	1993, 1995, 1996, 2003, 2008, 2014
LSU	0	0	6	2001, 2004, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017
Utah	0	0	6	1976, 1982, 1985, 1991, 1994, 2023
Northwestern	0	1	6	1984, 1985, 1986, 2006, 2007, 2022
UMass	0	0	6	1974, 1978, 1980, 1992, 1997, 1998
Long Beach State	0	0	5	1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
Creighton	0	0	5	1969, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986
Georgia	0	0	5	2009, 2010, 2016, 2018, 2021
Oregon State	0	0	5	1977, 1978, 1979, 2006, 2022
Wayne State (NE)	0	0	5	1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974
Utah State	2	2	4	1978, 1980, 1981, 1984
Northern Iowa	1	2	4	1973, 1975, 1976, 1977
Baylor	0	0	4	2007, 2011, 2014, 2017
Indiana	0	1	4	1979, 1980, 1983, 1986
DePaul	0	0	4	1999, 2000, 2005, 2007
Iowa	0	0	4	1995, 1996, 1997, 2001
Southern Illinois	0	0	4	1970, 1971, 1977, 1978
South Dakota State	0	0	4	1971, 1972, 1973, 1974
Stanford	0	0	4	2001, 2004, 2023, 2024
Luther (IA)	0	0	4	1970, 1971, 1972, 1974
John F. Kennedy (NE)	3	3	3	1969, 1970, 1971
Texas Woman's	1	1	3	1975, 1978, 1979
Minnesota	0	0	3	1976, 1978, 2019
Louisiana Tech	0	0	3	1983, 1985, 1986
Adelphi	0	0	3	1984, 1985, 1988
UNLV	0	0	3	1990, 1991, 1995
Western Michigan	0	0	3	1980, 1981, 1982
	0	0	3	1969, 1970, 1971
Minot State	0	0	3	1970, 1971, 1972
Emporia State	0	0	3	1971, 1972, 1979
Weber State	0	0	3	1973, 1974, 1975
North Dakota State	0	0	3	1973, 1974, 1975
Iowa State	0	1	2	1971, 1973
Cal State Northridge	0	1	2	1993, 1994
Princeton	0	0	2	1995, 1996
Southern Miss	0	0	2	1999, 2000
Central Michigan	0	0	2	1982, 1987
Minnesota–Duluth	0	0	2	1970, 1971
Midland Lutheran (NE)	0	0	2	1970, 1971
New Mexico	0	0	2	1980, 1981
Rutgers	0	0	2	1979, 1981
Concordia (NE)	0	0	2	1970, 1971
Upper Iowa	0	0	2	1970, 1971
Eastern Illinois	0	0	2	1971, 1974
Central Missouri	0	0	2	1971, 1972
Ball State	0	0	2	1973, 1975
Indiana State	0	0	2	1974, 1976
East Stroudsburg	0	0	2	1975, 1976
Northern State	0	0	2	1975, 1976
UT Arlington	0	0	2	1976, 1977
Sacramento State	0	0	2	1976, 1977
Auburn	0	1	2	2015, 2016
Duke	0	0	1	2024
Hawaii	0	0	1	2010
James Madison	0	0	1	2021
Kent State	0	0	1	1990
Kentucky	0	0	1	2014
Northern Illinois	0	0	1	1988
Pacific	0	0	1	1983
South Florida	0	0	1	2012
Toledo	0	0	1	1989
UConn	0	0	1	1993
UIC	0	0	1	1994
Virginia Tech	0	0	1	2008
St. Petersburg Junior College (FL)	0	0	1	1969
Black Hills State (SD)	0	0	1	1969
Midwestern (IA)	0	0	1	1970
Parsons (IA)	0	0	1	1971
Wartburg (IA)	0	0	1	1971
Wisconsin–Eau Claire	0	0	1	1971
South Dakota	0	0	1	1971
Southwest Baptist (MO)	0	0	1	1971
Buena Vista (IA)	0	0	1	1971
Simpson (IA)	0	0	1	1971
University of Tokyo–Nihon	0	1	1	1972
Keene State	0	0	1	1972
Purdue	0	0	1	1972
West Georgia	0	0	1	1974
Golden West College (CA)	0	0	1	1974
Winona State	0	0	1	1974
Nassau Community College (NY)	0	0	1	1974
	0	0	1	1975
Northwest Missouri State	0	0	1	1975
Ohio	0	0	1	1975
Minnesota State	0	0	1	1975
Tarkio (MO)	0	0	1	1976
Northwestern Oklahoma State	0	0	1	1976
Mayville State (ND)	0	0	1	1976
West Chester (PA)	0	0	1	1977
Springfield (MA)	0	0	1	1977
Portland State	0	0	1	1978
Stephen F. Austin	0	0	1	1978
Chapman (CA)	0	0	1	1979
New Mexico State	0	0	1	1981
Ohio State	0	0	1	1982
Rhode Island	0	0	1	1982
U.S. International (CA)	0	0	1	1982

^‡ UCLA's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska's 1985 runner-up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted

Championships and appearances by conference

This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 (both Division I tournaments in 1982—AIAW and NCAA—were called "Women's College World Series").

Conference	Championships (Through 2024)	Title Game/Series Appearances (Through 2024)	WCWS appearances (Through 2024)
Pac-12	24	39	99
SEC	3	10	51
Big 12	8	11	43
Big Ten	1	3	25
Big West	1	4	19
ACC	1	3	13
Big Eight			12
WAC	1	2	11
Atlantic 10			6
Southwest	2	4	5
Conference USA			5
Sun Belt			6
			4
MAC			4
Metro			4
Southland			3
Big East			3
Ivy			2
Missouri Valley			2
			1
Independent			1
Summit League			1
NorPac		1	3
North Star			1
WCAA	3	3	6

Championships coaches

Updated through 2024 World Series

Source:^[7]

Coach	NCAA Championships (Through 2024)	Title Game/Series Appearances (Through 2024)	WCWS appearances (Through 2024)	Schools
Mike Candrea	8 (1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2007)	13	23	style=
Patty Gasso	8 (2000, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024)	10	17
Sharron Backus	7 (1982, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992)	12	14	style=
Sue Enquist	6 (1989, 1990, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2004)	13	16	style=
Bob Brock	2 (1983, 1987)	4	5	style=
Clint Myers	2 (2008, 2011)	3	9	Arizona State, Auburn
Kelly Inouye-Perez	2 (2010, 2019)	2	9	style=
Tim Walton	2 (2014, 2015)	3	11	style=
Lonni Alameda	1 (2018)	3	5	style=
Judi Garman	1 (1986)	1	6	style=
Carol Hutchins	1 (2005)	2	12	style=
Patrick Murphy	1 (2012)	2	14	style=
Diane Ninemire	1 (2002)	3	11	style=
Heather Tarr	1 (2009)	2	8	style=
Margie Wright	1 (1998)	4	10	style=

Notes

See also

• List of NCAA Division I softball programs
• Women's College World Series Most Outstanding Player
• College softball
• NCAA Division I softball tournament
• NCAA Division II Softball Championship
• NCAA Division III Softball Championship
• AIAW Intercollegiate Women's Softball Champions

Notes and References

1. Web site: 8 things to know about the 2022 Women's College World Series NCAA.com . 2024-06-11 . www.ncaa.com . en.
2. Book: Women's Fastpitch Softball – The Path to the Gold, An Historical Look at Women's Fastpitch in the United States . Mary L. Littlewood . National Fastpitch Coaches Association, Columbia, Missouri . first . 145, 208 . 1998 . 0-9664310-0-6 .
3. Book: Grundy, Pamela . Shackelford, Susan . amp . Shattering the Glass. registration . The New Press. 2005. 1-56584-822-5.
4. Book: A Series Of Their Own: History Of The Women's College World Series. William. Plummer. Larry C.. Floyd. 2013. Turnkey Communications Inc.. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. 978-0-9893007-0-4.
5. News: Mark. Starr. No Credit For UCLA. Newsweek. June 12, 1995. 58.
6. News: Leigh. Montville. Ringer From Down Under. Sports Illustrated. June 12, 1995.
7. Web site: CHAMPIONSHIP HISTORY .