Territories of Majapahit explained

According to the Kakawin Nagarakretagama canto XIII and XIV, the following areas are recognized as conquered or subordinate to Majapahit (referred to as mañcanagara). The conquered states in Java were not mentioned because they were still considered part of the royal "mandala".

The names below are based on manuscript sources, both from Majapahit and Malay manuscripts as well as Chinese sources, but little physical evidence remains of an area's recognition of state power.

Included were the kingdoms of Sunda and Madura, because Majapahit claimed the whole of Java.[1] Sunda kingdom became a nominal vassal of Majapahit after the battle of Bubat of 1357.

Nagakretagama transcription

Canto 6

Stanza 4

3. Javanese: Sakweh śri yawa raja sapada madudwan nagaratunggalan English: (All Javanese kings were guests, they were from different countries but)
4. Javanese: ekhasthana ri wilwatikta mangisapwi sang narendradipa. English: (unite to Wilwatikta to support the great king)

Canto 42

Stanza 2

4. Javanese: Ndatan lingen i sunda len madhura pan satanah i yawa bhakti tan salah English: (Not mentioned were Sunda and Madhura because they are Javanese and devoted, it's not wrong)

Canto 13

Stanza 1

  1. Javanese: Lwir ning nusa pranusa pramuka sakahawat ksoni ri Malayu
  2. Javanese: nang Jambi mwang Palembang karitang i Teba len Dharmmaśraya tumut,
  3. Javanese: Kandis Kahwas Manangkabwa ri Siyak i Rekan Kampar mwang i Pane,
  4. Javanese: Kampe Harw athawe Mandahiling i Tumihang Parllak mwang i Barat

Stanza 2

  1. Javanese: Hi lwas lawan Samudra mwang i Lamuri Batan Lampung mwang i Barus
  2. Javanese: yekadinyang watek bhumi Malayu satanah kapwamateh anut,
  3. Javanese: len tekang nusa Tanjung Nagara ri Kapuhas lawan ri Katingan,
  4. Javanese: Sampit mwang Kutalingga mwang i Kutawaringin Sambas mwang i Lawai

Canto 14

Stanza 1

  1. Javanese: Kadangdangan i Landa len ri Samedhang Tirem tan kasah,
  2. Javanese: ri Sedu Buruneng ri Kalka Saludhung ri Solot Pasir,
  3. Javanese: Baritw i Sawaku muwah ri Tabalung ri Tunjung Kute,
  4. Javanese: Lawan ri Malano makapramuka tang ri Tanjungpura.

Stanza 2

  1. Javanese: Ikang sakahawan Pahang pramuka tang Hujung Medini,
  2. Javanese: ri Lengkasuka len ri Saimwang i Kalanten i Tringgano,
  3. Javanese: Naśor Pakamuwar Dhungun ri Tumasik ri Sanghyang Hujung,
  4. Javanese: Kelang Keda Jere ri Kanjap i niran sanusapupul

Stanza 3

  1. Javanese: Sawetan ikanang tanah Jawa muwah ya warnnanen,
  2. Javanese: ri Bali makamukya tang Badahulu mwang Lwagajah,
  3. Javanese: Gurun makamukha Sukun ri Taliwang ri Dompo Sapi,
  4. Javanese: ri Sanghyang Api Bhima Sheran i Hutan Kadaly apupul

Stanza 4

  1. Javanese: Muwah tang i Gurun sanusa mangaram ri Lombok Mirah,
  2. Javanese: lawan tikang i Saksak adinikalun kahajyan kabeh,
  3. Javanese: muwah tanah i Bantayan pramuka Bantayan len Luwuk,
  4. Javanese: tekeng Uda Makatrayadhi nikanang sanusapupul.

Stanza 5

  1. Javanese: Ikang saka sanusa Makhasar Butung Banggawi,
  2. Javanese: Kunir Ggaliyau mwang i(ng) Salaya Sumba Solot Muar,
  3. Javanese: muwah tikang i Wandan Ambwan athawa Maloko Wwanin,
  4. Javanese: ri Seran i Timur makadining angeka nusatutur.

In this list also given the modern name of a place if it has been agreed by historians.

Interpretation

Sumatra

Sumatra is referred to in Negarakretagama as "Malayu"

!Name!Interpretation
JambiJambi
PalembangPalembang
Karitang1. Keritang Kingdom (now Keritang District, Keritang, Indragiri Hilir)2. Karitang, South Indragiri

3. Karitang in the south of Jambi3

Teba1. Muaro Tebo, Jambi2. Headwaters of Jambi2

3. Tebo in the south of Dharmasraya3

Dharmashraya1. Darmasraya Kingdom 2. The island of Punjung, Siguntur, upstream of the Batanghari river2

3. Dharmasraya in the west of Jambi3

Kandis1. Kandis Kingdom2. Kandis, a tributary of the Kwantan, near Koto Tua2

3. Kandi, vassal area of Lubuk Jantan, on the Sinamar river2

4. Kandis north of Dharmasraya3

Kahwas1. Kahwas2. Kawai, between Kandi and Tanjung1

3. Kawas in the west of Minangkabau2

ManangkabwaMinangkabau, pre-Pagaruyung period society
SiyakSiak Regency, the pre-sultanate community of Siak
RekanRokan (Rokan Hilir-Rokan Hulu)
KamparKampar
Pane1. Panai2. Pane3
Kampe1. Kampai Island, now an island in Langkat Regency2. Kompe1

3. Kampei, one of 4 tribes in Petapahan on the Tapung Kiri river upstream of Siak: Peliang, Ceniaga, Kampai, and Domo/Muara Takus2

4. Kampe3

Haru1. (H)aru Kingdom, centered in Deli Tua, Deli Serdang Regency now2. Haru area around Kalue in Aceh1

3. Aru, the east coast of Sumatra2

4. Haru, the area north of the Asahan river3

Mandahiling1. Mandailing2. Mandahiling3
TumihangAceh Tamiang
Parlak1. Peureulak2. Parllah1

3. Perlak2

4. Parllak3

Barat1. Darat12. Aceh's west coast2

3. Barat3

Lwas1. Padang Lawas2. Lawas1

3. Padang Lawas or Gayu Luas2

Samudra1. Sultanate of Samudera Pasai2. Samudra near Lhokseumawe, Aceh123
Lamuri1. Lambri (Lamuri) Kingdom, the center is now a village in Aceh Besar District2. Lamuri in Aceh Besar123
Batan1. Bintan Island2. Batam2
LampungLampung123
BarusBarus, Central Tapanuli (or Pancur, sub-district in present-day Central Tapanuli Regency)123
Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See
3 See

Borneo

Borneo is referred to as "Nusa Tanjung Nagara" and/or "Tanjungpuri"

!Name!Interpretation
Kapuhas1. Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan2. Kapuas area east of the Landak in West Kalimantan1

3. Kapuas area in Kapuas district in Central Kalimantan3

Katingan1. Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan2. Katingan, Mendawei river, in Sampit2
SampitSampit (now the capital city of East Kotawaringin Regency)
Kutalingga1. Kuta Lingga (means city of phallus, site of Candi Laras?/Negara Dipa Kingdom)2. Kutalingga the area around the Sarawak peninsula1

3. Lingga, where the Lingga and Batang Lumpur rivers meet, Sarawak.2

KutawaringinKuta Waringin (means banyan city, pre-Kotawaringin Kingdom society, now West Kotawaringin Regency)
SambasSambas (Old Sambas Kingdom, now Sambas Regency)
Lawai1. Lawai (Kapuas River in West Kalimantan)2. Muara Labai, muara in the river of Labai2

3. Muara Labai in Central Kalimantan3

Kadhangdhangan1. Kadandangan (now Kendawangan sub-district, Ketapang)2. Kedangdangan1

3. Kadangdangan3

LandaLandak Kingdom, now Landak District
Samedhang1. Samadang (Semandang, the area of Tanjungpura Kingdom)2. Samedang in Simpang3
Tirem1. Tirem (Tirun/Tidung Kingdom, now Tarakan city?)2. Tirem1

3. Paniraman on the Kapuas Kecil river2

4. Tidung2

Sedu1. Sedu (in Sarawak)2. Sadong in Sarawak or Sedua in Langgau or Siduh in Matan12
BurunengBarune (now the country of Brunei)
Kalka1. Sungai Kaluka or Krian in the south of Sarawak[2] 2. Kalka, one of the 5 provinces outside Brunei according to the Salsilah Raja Brunei: Kalakah, Seribas, Sadong, Semerahan and Sarawak12

3. Kalakah, the city of Calaca was a major trading port south of the capital (Brunei) and the center of the country of Sedang2

Saludhung1. Saludung (Maynila Kingdom), now Manila City, Philippines2. Saludung1

3. Teluk Maludu2

4. Sadong2

5. Maludu3

Solot1. Solot (the kingdom of the Buranun tribe, the indigenous people who inhabit the mountains in the Sulu Archipelago, the forerunner of the Suluk tribe / Sulu Sultanate)2. Solok or Sulu123
PasirPasir (pre-Sultanate of Pasir, now Paser Regency)
Baritw1. Barito (now North Barito Regency)2. Baritu123
Sawaku1. Sawaku (or Sawakung in Berau or Pulau Sebuku sub-district, Kotabaru)2. Sebuku Island12
Tabalung1. Tabalung (now Tabalong Regency with its city Tanjungpuri on the banks of the Tabalong river, the first capital of the Banjar sultanate in the Hindu era)2. Tabalong in Amuntai2
Tunjung Kute1. Tanjung Kutei (Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate whose capital city is Kutai Lama)2. Kutai2
Malano1. Malano ("in Nusa Tanjungpura", the Melanau people of Sarawak and West Kalimantan)2. Milanau2

3. Balinean, east of the mouth of the Rejang river in Sarawak or Malanau in northwest Kalimantan2

4. Milano east of the Rejang river in Sarawak, Balineo3

Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See
3 See

Malayan peninsula

In Nagarakretagama it is called "Hujung Medini", which refers to the Malay Peninsula (according to M. Yamin) or Johor (according to Pigeaud).

!Name!Interpretation
Pahang1. Pahang, state of Pahang, Malaysia2. Malaya2
Hujung Medini1. Johor22. Malay Peninsula3
Lengkasuka1. Langkasuka2. On the Lengkawi islands across from Kedah2

3. Langkasuka-Patani2

Saimwang1. Semang people's country22. Semong in Negeri Sembilan2

3. Sai, Saiburi2

KalantenKelantan
TringganoTerengganu
Nasor1. Nisor north of Sai, Patani22. Nasor3
PakaPaka, now a town in Dungun, Terengganu
Muar1. Muar, now the district in Johor2. Muar, Peken Muar2
Dhungun1. Dungun, now a district and a major town in Terengganu2. Tanjung Utara in Kemaman
TumasikTumasik, now the country of Singapura
Sanghyang Hujung1. Ujung Salang (junkceylon) in Phuket22. Sening Ujung, between Malacca and Selangor2
KelangKlang, (Selangor)
Kedha1. Kedah2. Kataha1

3. Keda3

Jere1. Jerai2. Jerai, Kedah mountains2

3. Jering near Patani2

4. Jere3

Kanjap1. Kanjab in the Riau-Lingga islands22. Kanjap3
NiranKarimun, Karimun Besar Island/Nuwi
Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See
3 See

Regions in the east of Java

!Name!Interpretation
BaliBali
BadahuluBedahulu Kingdom
Lwagajah1. Lo Gajah2. Lwa-gajah in Bangli2
GurunNusa Penida3
SukunSukun on the island of Nusa Penida
TaliwangTaliwang (in Sumbawa Island)123
Dompo1. Dompo (Dompu Kingdom)2. Dompo in Sumbawa1
Sapi1. Sapi Island2. Sapi in Sumbawa2
Sanghyang Api1. Sang Hyang Api (Pulau Sangeang)2. Gunung Api or Sangeang12
BhimaBima Island12
SheranSeram Island12
Hutan KadaliHutan Kendali (Buru Island)12
Gurun1. Gurun Island2. Gorong Islands12

3. Eucalyptus forest: Buru and Sula Islands2

Lombok Mirah1. Lombok Merah2. Lombok Barat2

3. Lombok3

Saksak1. Sasak (said to be "completely ruled")2. Saksak, East Lombok1

3. Lombok Valley2

Bantayan1. Bantayan (Bantaeng ?)2. Bantayan13

3. Bontain2

LuwukLuwu (Luwu Kingdom)
Uda Makatraya1. Udamakatraya and other islands2. Uda: Talaud Islands, Uda makatraya: the three main islands of the Talaud archipelago2

3. Davao in Mindanao, Filipina3

MakhasarMakassar
ButunButon
BanggawiBanggawi Island (Banggai Islands)
Kunir1. Kunir Island12. Kunyit Island, south of Laut Island
Galiyau1. Galian2. Galiyao3

3. Kangean or Lomblem23

Salaya1. Salayar (Selayar Island)2. Saleier1
SumbaSumba Island
Solot1. Solor Island2. Solot1
Muar1. Muar122. Muar, Kei Islands; or Honimoa, Saparua2
Wandan1. Banda Islands2. Wandan1
AmbwanAmbon or Maluku Island
MalokoTernate city or Maluku islands
Wwanin1. Wanin, Onin Peninsula part of Bomberai Peninsula, in Fakfak2. Kwanin1

3. Onin, West Papua, MacCleur bay (now Berau bay)2

Seran1. Kowiai or Sran in Kaimana22. Marege in northern Australia3
TimurTimor and several other islands
Notes:
1 See Atlas van Tropisch Nederland, 1938: 10b
2 See
3 See

Overseas region

Foreign or overseas territories are mentioned in Nagarakretagama canto 15 stanza 1. In addition, in canto 83 stanza 4 and 93 stanza 1 are mentioned the places that became the origin of merchants and scholars.

!Name!Interpretation!Relation
SyangkaSiam1Kachaya (protectorate)
AyodyapuraAyutthaya1Kachaya (protectorate)
DharmmanagariDharmarajanagara: Ligor, Lakkan1Kachaya (protectorate)
Marutma1. Martaban12. Mergui1Kachaya (protectorate)
Rajapura1Rajpuri in the south of Siam1Kachaya (protectorate)
Singhanagari1Singhapuri on the branch of the river Menam, Singhapura, that was mentioned in the Cham inscription1Kachaya (protectorate)
CampaChampa1Kachaya (protectorate)
KambojaCambodia1Kachaya (protectorate)
Yawana1. Annam12. Arab2Mitreka satata (permanent ally/equal friend)
JambudwipaIndiaSumiwi (subserve)
CinaChinaSumiwi (subserve)
KarnatakaSouth IndiaSumiwi (subserve)
GodaGauḍa or Gaur3, in East India1Sumiwi (subserve)
Notes:
1 See
2 See
3 See
According to Irawan Djoko Nugroho, the area in the table above from Syangka to Cambodia is called Desantara. Its etymological meaning is "all directions, all space, other regions, other countries". The relationship between Majapahit and Desantara is called kachaya, which means "to be exposed to light". It is interpreted as protected or sheltered. The term "protected area" in the modern state system is referred to as a protectorate.

What is different is Yawana, as mentioned anyat i yawana mitreka satata (different is Yawana who is a permanent ally). Kern and Pigeaud consider Yawana to be Annam, but they noted that Yawana is the Sanskrit term for Greek (Ionian), which the Indians used to refer to barbarians. Kern notes that the Indians referred to Muslims as Yawana. According to Pigeaud, it is somewhat improbable that Yawana refers to the Muslim. He considered Yawana to be Annam, because at that time the kings of Annam were very powerful and it was very strange to ask Java for protection. Nugroho rejected this opinion, because Nagarakretagama was created in 1365, and Champa's power surpassed Annam (which at that time referred to Dai Viet). Majapahit who defeated the Mongols could not have a weak permanent ally. In addition, Annam in Old Javanese language has its own name, namely Koci (now called Cochinchina to distinguish it from Kochi in India). Koci comes from the Chinese Jiāozhǐ, in Cantonese Kawci, and is called Giao Chỉ in Vietnamese. Therefore, Yawana is more accurately interpreted as Arabs.[3] [4]

According to Nugroho, the regions of Jambudwipa, China, Karnataka, and Goda are collectively called Dwipantara. This area is said to have received the favor of the king, so it is natural for them to pay tribute. The kindness done by Majapahit to Dwipantara has a background from Java's war with the Mongols. The Mongols tried to control Asian sea trade, and Java (Singhasari at that time) responded with a blockade of Southeast Asian trade against the Mongols. The Dwipantara area came to face Majapahit led by their priests. In canto 93.1 the priests compose a hymn of praise to the Maharaja of Majapahit. The relationship between Dwipantara to Majapahit is sumiwi (serving). Ambassadors from India and China came with merchants and played a role in stabilizing political and economic relations.

According to other accounts

Jayanegara II inscription

The Tuhañaru/Jayanagara II inscription, dating from 1245 Saka/1323 AD, records the annexation of territories outside Java:

... like the moon that opens the tunjung-jantung flower from the village of all good people; which destroys all enemies; like the sun that dispels darkness at night, which is delighted by Wipra and Satria, who are happy to be able to uphold the name of the king's coronation, it reads: Iswara Sundarapandyadewa, ...
According to H.B. Sarkar, the title of the king of Jayanegara indicates that Majapahit held high power (suzerainty) over the king of Pandya in South India.

Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai

Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai recorded many territories of Majapahit:

!Name!Interpretation
PasaiPasai
TembelanTembelan area (?)
SiontanSiontan island
JemajaJemaja area (?)
BunguranBunguran area (?)
SerasanSerasan area (?)
SubiCebu island in the Philippines
Pulau LautLaut island
TiomanTioman island
Pulau TinggiTinggi island (?)
Pemanggil KrimatPemanggil Krimat area (?)
BelitangBelitung island
BangkaBangka island
LinggaLingga area
RiauRiau
BintanBintan island
BulongButon island
SambasSambas
MempauhMempauh area in Borneo
SukadanaSukadana area
Kota WaringinKotawaringin
Banjar MasinBanjarmasin
PasirPasir area (?)
KotaiKutai
BerauBerau area in Borneo
JambiJambi
PalembangPalembang
Ujung TanahMalacca area in Malaya
BandaBanda island
BimaBima island
SembawaSumbawa island
SilamprangSilamprang island (?)
AsiranAsiran island (?)
K.r.tokK.r.tok island (?)
BaliBali
BalembanganBlambangan in East Java

Kidung Sunda

Based on the Kidung Sunda canto 1 stanza 54b and 65a, Majapahit territories includes Palembang, Tumasik (Singapore), Sampit, Madura, Bali, Koci (Cochinchina, Vietnam), Wandan (Banda, Central Maluku), Tanjungpura (Kalimantan) and Sawakung (Sebuku Island).[5]

Kidung Harsa-Wijaya

Kidung Harsa Wijaya notes that the territories of Majapahit outside Java include Bali, Tatar, Tumasik, Sampi, Gurun, Wandan, Tanjung-pura, Dompo, Palembang, Makassar, and Koci.

Calon Arang manuscripts

The story of Calon Arang is mentioned in several manuscripts, originally written during the classical Java era (before the fall of Majapahit in 1527). The manuscripts mentioned Malacca, a sultanate existing between 1400 to 1511. Surviving manuscripts are mostly found in Bali with dates after 1500 CE. Territories mentioned are:[6]

!Name!Interpretation
MelayuMelayu kingdom
PalembangPalembang
JambiJambi
BengkuluBengkulu
MalakaMalacca
SingapuraSingapura
PataniPatani
PahangPahang
SiyemSiamSiam
CempaCampaChampa or a place in Cambodia
CinaChina
KociA place in Vietnam
KelingBanakelingIndia
TartarTatarMongol (?)
PegoPeguPegu, a place in Burma
KedahKedah
KutawaringinKotawaringin
KuteKutai
BangkaBangka
SundaSunda
MaduraMadura
PediePidie, Aceh
KangayanKangeanKangean island
MakassarMakassar
SeranSeram island in Maluku
GoranGoramGorong archipelago, Maluku
PandanWandanWandan or Pandan island
PelekeA place in Sulawesi (?)
MolokoMalukuMaluku
BoloBulu Polo'e island, South SulawesiBolo, refers to several places in the Philippines
DompoDompu
BimaBima
BandaBanda
TimurTimor
SasakLombok
SambawaSumbawaSumbawa

Suma Oriental

The book Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires written in 1515 records that Java (Majapahit) ruled as far as the Moluccas on the east side and most of the west side of the archipelago; and almost the whole island of Sumatra was under its control and it also controlled all the islands known to the Javanese. Majapahit ruled over these for a long time until about a hundred years earlier, when its power began to wane until it became similar to that during the year of Pires' visit to Java (March–June 1513).

Sulalatus Salatin

Based on Sulalatus Salatin (Malay Annals) the Majapahit territories include:

Hikayat Banjar

The territories of Majapahit recorded by Hikayat Banjar are: Java, Bantan (Banten), Palembang, Mangkasar (Makassar), Pahang, Patani, Bali, Pasai, Champa, Maningkabau (Minangkabau),[7] Jambi, Bugis (the area of Bugis people), Johor, and Acih (Aceh).[8]

Notes and References

  1. Book: Riana, I Ketut . Nagara Krtagama . Penerbit Buku Kompas . 2009 . 978-9797094331 . 215. ISBN 978-979-709-433-1
  2. 652 . The Sarawak Museum journal. 11. Sarawak Museum. Sarawak Museum. 1963.
  3. Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce. Vol 2: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. p211n.
  4. Book: Gordon, Alijah. 2001. The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago. Malaysian Sociological Research Institute. 9789839986624. 316.
  5. Berg, C.C. (1927). Kidung Sunda. Inleiding, tekst, vertaling en aanteekeningen. BKI 83: 1 – 161.
  6. Book: Suyami . Refleksi Nilai Budaya Jawa dalam Serat Calon Arang versi R. Wiradat . Sumarno . Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya . Yogyakarta . 1-3, 66-67.
  7. In Malay: Maka raja Majapahit itu bartambah-tambah kabasarannya, banyak raja-raja yang takluk kapadanya itu: sakaliannya orang tanah Jawa dan Bantan, Jambi, Palembang, Mangkasar, Pahang, Patani dan Bali dan Pasai dan Campa, sampai kapada orang tanah Maningkabau tatkala pada zaman itu sama takluk pada raja Majapahit ...
  8. In Malay: Tunggul Amatung mangkubuminya Patih Gajah Mada itu, sakaliannya orang besar-besar di tanah Jawa itu sama takluk pada raja Tunggul Amatung itu. Bantan, Jambi, Palembang, Bugis, Mangkasar, Johor, Patani, Pahang, Campa, Maningkabau, Acih, Pasai, sakaliannya nagri itu sama takluk pada raja Tunggul Amatung itu.