Ship Characteristics Board Explained

The Ship Characteristics Board was a unit of the United States Navy.

The purpose of the Ship Characteristics Board was to coordinate the creation of 'ship characteristics' that are essential to the design of naval combatants and auxiliaries. Coordination was required because the operators and the designers of ships had different interests, perceptions, concepts, and constraints: as summarized by the naval historian Norman Friedman, "How to achieve the best possible compromise among competing bureaus has been one of the great dilemmas of 20th-century U.S. naval administration."[1]

This list of SCB projects is a useful exposition of the U.S. Navy's shipbuilding priorities in the first half of the Cold War.

History

The Ship Characteristics Board was founded in 1945 under the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations / OpNav. It was created after the body previously responsible for coordinating ships characteristics, the General Board, had been seen as ineffective in a series of earlier Navy bureau miscoordinations.[2] [3] The SCB would adjudicate between operational requirements set by the ship operators (the fleets and other operational forces) and the technological and fiscal constraints imposed on the ship designers (the Bureau of Ships / BuShips and the Bureau of Ordnance / BuOrd).

The SCB assigned numbers to its projects beginning in 1946. Not all projects would result in the construction of ships: some projects would remain conceptual only, or would be superseded by later projects.

In 1966 the successors to BuShips and BuOrd (NAVSHIPS and NAVORD) were moved to report to OpNav. The SCB role as an adjudicator became less relevant.[4] During the development of the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates it was renamed the Ship Acquisition and Improvement Board (SAIB).[5] In the 1980s it was revived as the Ship Characteristics Improvement Board (SCIB), but without its former authority.[6]

USS Thresher loss

A decision by the SCB likely contributed to the 1963 loss of the nuclear submarine Thresher. The SCB had ordered BuShips to study increasing the test depth for future submarines from 700 to 1,600 feet, and this increase was approved after November 1956. Thresher components were too far along in design to accommodate this change, but it was decided that they could be modified to enable a test depth of 1,300 feet. The irony is that the SCB's motives for this change were to enhance safety: not only to support greater combat survivability, but also out of a concern that the increased speed of nuclear submarines could cause them to inadvertently exceed the more shallow test depths while maneuvering.[7]

List of SCB projects

Review of the following lists of SCB projects will show:

All ship hull classification symbols shown (CLK, SS, DL, CVA, DE, etc.) are the symbols in use at the conception of the project, rather than when construction started. Explanations of these symbols are usually to be found in the linked articles on each ship or class.

Sequential numbering of SCB projects

SCB projects began in numeric sequence in 1946, and were originally listed in descending priority (the Norfolk cruiser/destroyer leader having top priority, the Tang submarines as second priority, etc.),[8] but such prioritization was eventually dropped. Several of the early projects actually began in 1945 - for example, the Mitscher-class destroyer (which in 1946 was assigned the project number SCB 5) was the ship design that on paper out-performed the projected CL-154 class light cruiser design and led to that cruiser's cancellation in September 1945.[9]

SCB #Start dateDescriptionNotes
SCB 11946Norfolk CLK[10]
SCB 21946Tang class SS[11]
SCB 2AGrayback SS original design (see SCB 161)[12]
SCB 31946Closed cycle engine SSX concept[13]
SCB 41946CVA concept, merged into SCB 6 by Jun 1946
SCB 51946Mitscher class DL[14]
SCB 61946Strategic CVA (aircraft carrier) concept[15]
SCB 6AUnited States class CVA, cancelled 23 Apr 1949[16]
SCB 7194630 kt DE concept[17]
SCB 7AFletcher class DD ASW mobilization concept[18]
SCB 81946CVE ASW concept, became SCB 43[19]
SCB 9194615 kt LST concept[20]
SCB 9ATerrebonne Parish class LST[21]
SCB 101946AKA Arctic conversion concept
SCB 111946CLI Cruiser-icebreaker Arctic picket concept
SCB 11A
SCB 121946MIGRAINE II SSR conversions

, Requin, and Tigrone

[22]
SCB 12AMIGRAINE III SSR conversions: Pompon, Rasher, Raton, Ray, Redfin, and Rock[23]
SCB 131946Northampton CLC[24]
SCB 141946Paul Revere class APA[25]
SCB 14EAPA conversion of SS Monterey and SS Mariposa
SCB 151946Tulare class AKA[26]
SCB 161946Fast AGC concept[27]
SCB 171946Fast LSD concept[28]
SCB 181946LSM Underwater Object Locator conversion concept
SCB 191946 (Dec 1945)Kentucky BB anti-air concept[29]
SCB 201946Steel hulled PT concept
SCB 211946Radiological salvage vessel concept, later ATR rescue tug concept
SCB 221946Fast AOR concept, led to commissioning of ex-war prize Conecuh as a test[30]
SCB 22AYAG conversion concept[31]
SCB 231946Fast AK concept[32]
SCB 241946Midget SS concept[33]
SCB 251946LCU 1466[34]
SCB 25ALCU 1608[35]
SCB 261946Hawaii CB aircraft carrier conversion concept[36]
SCB 26A1948Hawaii CB missile conversion concept[37]
SCB 271946Oriskany CVA jet aircraft conversion[38]
SCB 27BEssex class CVA partial conversion, canceled
SCB 27AEssex class CVA modification: 8 ships[39]
SCB 27CEssex class CVA modification: 6 ships[40]
SCB 281946Tunny SSG conversion[41]
SCB 291946LSD Arctic conversions: Gunston Hall and Lindenwald
SCB 301946ASSP conversions: Perch and Sealion
SCB 311946Barbero ASSA conversion
SCB 321946Fast LST concept[42]
SCB 331946SSG (guided missile submarine) concept
SCB 341946SSV F2Y seaplane carrier submarine concept
SCB 35Dec 1946
SCB 361948New LCS(L) concept, merged into SCB 37[43]
SCB 371948Carronade LSM(R)[44]
SCB 38Colorado BB radio control target conversion concept[45]
SCB 39Guavina SSO conversion[46]
SCB 40SSE (submarine ammunition carrier) concept[47]
SCB 41CVL ASW conversion, became SCB 54
SCB 42LSD to AV conversion concept
SCB 43CVE ASW concepts, cancelled Apr 1954[48]
SCB 44Aviation stores issue ship (AVS) concept
SCB 45AMS concept
SCB 45A
SCB 45BAbility class MSO
SCB 46DER conversions: 6 ships[49]
SCB 46ADER conversions: and Wagner[50]
SCB 46BDER conversions: 28 ships[51]
SCB 47GUPPY II SS conversions[52]
SCB 47AGUPPY IA SS conversions[53]
SCB 47BFleet snorkel SS conversions[54]
SCB 47CGUPPY IIA SS conversions[55]
SCB 48Boston class CAG Terrier missile conversions[56]
SCB 49Altair class AKS conversion
SCB 50AOR conversion concept[57]
SCB 51DE or PCE concept, became SCB 72[58]
SCB 52Submersible barge concept for launching V-2 rockets
SCB 53DDE conversion[59]
SCB 54CVL ASW conversion[60]
SCB 561949Albacore AGSS Phase I
SCB 57Denebola-class AF conversion: 4 ships
SCB 581949Grouper SSK conversion[61]
SCB 59Cylindrical Countermeasures (XMAP) minesweeping device
SCB 60LVT modernization
SCB 60ALVT(A)5 modernization[62]
SCB 60BLVT(3) modernization[63]
SCB 61Yard and district craft characteristics
SCB 61AYR characteristics
SCB 61BYON characteristics
SCB 61CYFN characteristics
SCB 61DYRB characteristics, became SCB 61N
SCB 61EYC characteristics
SCB 61FYFB characteristics
SCB 61GYCF characteristics
SCB 61HYOGN characteristics
SCB 61JYRBM characteristics
SCB 61KYDT characteristics
SCB 61LYFR characteristics
SCB 61MYNG characteristics
SCB 61NYRB characteristics
SCB 61PYTN characteristics
SCB 61QYOG characteristics for JP-5
SCB 61RYTM characteristics with cycloidal propulsion
SCB 62Minesweeping boat (MSB)
SCB 63Tweedy DE ASW upgrade[64]
SCB 63ALewis DE ASW upgrade[65]
SCB 64Mar 1950Nautilus SSN[66] [67]
SCB 64AMar 1950Seawolf SSN[68] [69]
SCB 65X-1 midget SS[70]
SCB 66SSM (submarine minelayer) conversion concept, cancelled 1 Oct 1952[71]
SCB 671950Closed cycle engine SSX concept[72]
SCB 67AClosed cycle engine SSX concept, cancelled 26 Oct 1953[73]
SCB 68Apr 1950Mackerel class SST[74]
SCB 69Adjutant class MSC
SCB 69AMSC concept
SCB 70AD mobilization conversion concept
SCB 71AP mobilization conversion from SS United States concept
SCB 72Oct 1950Dealey class DE[75]
SCB 73ACMU conversions
SCB 74Various anti-air upgrades (e.g. Bofors 40 mm guns replaced with 3"/50 caliber guns)[76]
SCB 74AFletcher class DD anti-air upgrades: 40 ships[77]
SCB 74BLight Cruisers anti-air upgrades
SCB 74CHeavy Cruisers anti-air upgrades
SCB 74DJuneau anti-air upgrade
SCB 74EIowa class BB anti-air upgrade concept[78]
SCB 75Nov 1950Thomaston class LSD[79]
SCB 76Mobilization DD experiment concept[80]
SCB 77Jul 1951New AKA concept[81]
SCB 77ANov 1952New AKA with ro-ro capability concept[82]
SCB 78
SCB 78A
SCB 79DDR (destroyer radar picket) conversions[83]
SCB 80Forrestal class CVA[84]
SCB 81Technical stores issue ship (AKST) concept
SCB 82Neosho class AO
SCB 83Hawaii CBC conversion concept[85]
SCB 84Sailfish class SSR[86]
SCB 85Feb 1951Forrest Sherman class DD[87]
SCB 85AForrest Sherman class (Hull sub-class) DD [88]
SCB 86AK reactivation: Altair, Antares, Alcor and Betelgeuse
SCB 87AVP concept
SCB 88Gearing class DD completion concept
SCB 89May 1951180-foot PC concept[89]
SCB 90May 1951290-foot PCE concept[90]
SCB 91DM concept
SCB 92AGC concept
SCB 93AKA concept, canceled 4 Jan 1952
SCB 94Nov 1951LCM(6)[91]
SCB 95LCM(8)[92]
SCB 96LCVP
SCB 97Rigel class AF[93]
SCB 98ATR concept
SCB 99AE mobilization concept
SCB 100AF mobilization concept
SCB 101AR mobilization concept
SCB 102AVS mobilization concept
SCB 103ARH mobilization concept
SCB 104AK mobilization concept
SCB 105AK mobilization concept
SCB 106AKS mobilization concept
SCB 107AD mobilization concept
SCB 108AKST mobilization concept, canceled 26 Mar 1952
SCB 109Bittern ACMU
SCB 110Midway CVA and Franklin D Roosevelt CVA modernizations[94]
SCB 110ACoral Sea CVA modernization[95]
SCB 111AVP concept
SCB 112AO Arctic concept
SCB 113LST Arctic concept
SCB 114
SCB 115AVS (aviation stores ship)
SCB 116Darter SS (see also SCB 124)[96]
SCB 117DE gas turbine engine, canceled 1955
SCB 118Barbero SSG conversion[97]
SCB 119Nov 1953De Soto County class LST[98]
SCB 120AP mobilization conversion of passenger liners
SCB 121Skate class SSN[99]
SCB 122May 1954Thetis Bay CVHA conversion[100]
SCB 123MCS conversions: Catskill, Ozark, Osage, Saugus, and Monitor (last 3 cancelled)[101]
SCB 124Improved SCB 116: Growler SS original design (see SCB 161)
SCB 125Essex class CVA modification: 13 ships[102]
SCB 125AOriskany CVA modification[103]
SCB 126Guardian class AGR conversion
SCB 127Kitty Hawk class CVA, preliminary design[104]
SCB 127AKitty Hawk class CVA: Kitty Hawk and Constellation[105]
SCB 127BKitty Hawk class CVA follow on: America[106]
SCB 127CKitty Hawk class CVA follow on: John F. Kennedy[107]
SCB 128LCPL
SCB 128ALCPL
SCB 128BLCPL
SCB 129May 1954Farragut class DL[108]
SCB 130Fletcher class DDC (destroyer corvette) conversion concept[109]
SCB 131Jun 1954Claude Jones class DE[110]
SCB 132Triton SSRN[111]
SCB 133ASRD concept
SCB 134Albemarle AV P6M seaplane modification[112]
SCB 135Gyatt DDG conversion
SCB 136Cove MSI (inshore minesweeper)[113]
SCB 137Halibut SSG original design with diesel-electric propulsion[114]
SCB 137AHalibut SSGN final design with nuclear propulsion [115]
SCB 137BSSGN concept with twice the missile load as Halibut
SCB 138ARC conversions: Aeolus and Thor
SCB 139YP-654 class
SCB 140Galveston class CLG Talos missile conversion[116]
SCB 140AGalveston class CLG Talos missile flagship conversions: Little Rock and Oklahoma City[117]
SCB 1411954New LCM(3) concept[118]
SCB 142Farragut class (Coontz sub-class) DLG[119]
SCB 143Admirable class AM and Auk class AM conversion to PCE concepts[120]
SCB 144Essex class CVS FRAM upgrade
SCB 145CVL angled flight deck concept
SCB 146Providence class CLG Terrier missile conversion: Topeka[121]
SCB 146AProvidence class CLG Terrier missile flagship conversions: Providence and Springfield[122]
SCB 147YTB-752 class harbor tug
SCB 147AYTB-760 class
SCB 148unknown project
SCB 149Aug 1954LCU 1620[123]
SCB 149BMar 1962LCU 1625[124]
SCB 150Barbel class SS[125]
SCB 151Currituck AV P6M seaplane modification, cancelled 21 Aug 1959 after 52 days of construction[126]
SCB 152Jul 1955Fast catamaran LST with causeway concept[127]
SCB 153Alternative CV concept, cancelled 14 Sep 1955, influenced SCB 127A and SCB 160[128]
SCB 154Skipjack class SSN[129]
SCB 155Aug 1955Charles F. Adams class DDG[130]
SCB 156AF conversion, canceled Nov 1955
SCB 157Jul 1955Iwo Jima class LPH[131]
SCB 158CN (nuclear cruiser) concept[132]
SCB 159Block Island LPH conversion, cancelled 1958[133]
SCB 160Enterprise CVAN[134]
SCB 161Grayback and Growler SSG final design (see SCB 2A and 124)
SCB 162Apr 1956LCM hydrofoil concept[135]
SCB 163CN concept[136]
SCB 165CN concept[137]
SCB 166Original SSGN design of Thresher / Permit class
SCB 166AImproved SSGN design of Thresher / Permit class, changed to SSN under SCB 188
SCB 167CN concept[138]
SCB 168CN concept[139]
SCB 169Long Beach CGN[140]
SCB 170Guavina AOSS conversion
SCB 172Leahy class DLG[141]
SCB 172AJun 1960Belknap class DLG[142]
SCB 173Albany class CG conversions[143]
SCB 173ABaltimore class Polaris missile conversion concept[144]
SCB 174Des Moines class CG conversion concept[145]
SCB 176Commencement Bay class AV P6M seaplane conversion concept, cancelled 21 Aug 1959[146]
SCB 177Tallahatchie County AVB conversion
SCB 178Tullibee SSN
SCB 179Victory ship conversion to survey ship concept
SCB 180Ethan Allen class SSBN[147]
SCB 180AGeorge Washington class SSBN[148]
SCB 1821957Albacore AGSS Phase III
SCB 182A1959Albacore AGSS Phase IV
SCB 1831956PCS concept[149]
SCB 1841956SC concept[150]
SCB 185Conrad class AGOR
SCB 187Jan 1957Raleigh class LPD[151]
SCB 187ARaleigh class LPD with flagship facilities: La Salle[152]
SCB 187BAustin class LPD[153]
SCB 188Thresher / Permit class SSN[154]
SCB 188ASturgeon class SSN[155]
SCB 188MLengthened Permit class SSNs: Flasher, Greenling, and Gato[156]
SCB 189Bainbridge DLGN
SCB 190Proteus AS modernization
SCB 191Terror Middle East force flagship conversion concept[157]
SCB 192Oxford class AGTR conversion
SCB 194
SCB 196
SCB 198
SCB 199[158]
SCB 199A[159]
SCB 199B[160]
SCB 199C[161]
SCB 202Apr 1958[162]
SCB 203CVAN concept, became SCB 211[163]
SCB 205AGMs for range instrumentation
SCB 206Nov 1958Gearing class DD FRAM I[164]
SCB 207Dolphin AGSS[165]
SCB 208Mars class AFS
SCB 211CVAN concept[166]
SCB 211ACVAN concept, cancelled in favor of SCB 127C[167]
SCB 212Austere DDG (guided missile destroyer) concept, influenced SCB 172A[168]
SCB 214Serrano AGS conversion
SCB 215Gilbert Islands AGMR conversion
SCB 216Lafayette class SSBN[169]
SCB 216ABenjamin Franklin class SSBN[170]
SCB 216 Mod 3James Madison class SSBN[171]
SCB 218Aug 1960Albemarle ASGL satellite launch concept[172]
SCB 2191960Plainview AGEH[173]
SCB 220Nasty class PTF
SCB 221Aug 196052 foot UDT reconnaissance boat[174]
SCB 222Tuxtrun DLGN[175]
SCB 223GUPPY III SS FRAM
SCB 224Cimarron class AO jumbo conversion

Mispillion sub-class

[176]
SCB 225Kingsport AG conversion
SCB 226Silas Bent class AGS
SCB 227Mar 1961Typhon DLGN concept[177]
SCB 228Wright CC conversion
SCB 229Asheville class PGM
SCB 231NECPA CC concept
SCB 232Suribachi class AE modernization
SCB 233Norton Sound AVM modification
SCB 234Victory ship AS (submarine tender) conversion
SCB 236Sea Lift LSV
SCB 238Simon Lake class AS
SCB 239Seahawk DD concept[178]
SCB 240Forrest Sherman class DDG Tartar missile conversion: 4 ships[179]
SCB 241Mitscher class DDG Tartar missile conversion: 2 ships[180]
SCB 242Sailfish SS FRAM II refit
SCB 244Samuel Gompers class AD[181]
SCB 245[182]
SCB 247Jun 1962[183]
SCB 248Nov 1962[184]
SCB 250CVAN concept, canceled in favor of SCB 127C[185]
SCB 251Forrest Sherman class (Barry sub-class) DD modernization with ASROC[186]
SCB 252Jan 1964Flagstaff PGH and Tucumari PGH[187]

Block numbering of SCB projects

By 1965 the numeric sequence was abandoned and SCB projects were organized by block numbers which arranged projects by ship types (valid until the 1975 ship reclassification), and a two digit suffix denoting the fiscal year of the construction phase of the project.[188] This suffix is not the start date of the project as a concept: SCB 400.65 actually began in November 1962, not in 1965, and SCB 409.68 actually began in February 1965, not in 1968. The existence of successive suffixes also does not necessarily mean that the design of ships of a class in any way changed, such suffixes are listed here for historical note only.

In effect, this new numbering scheme changed the focus of the SCB from design and development to procurement and budget compliance. As a result, concept-only designs would largely disappear from the historical record.

1965-1975 SCB block #Ship type
001-099Cruisers
100-199Carriers
200-299Destroyers/Frigates
_ 200-219Destroyer Escorts
_ 220-239Destroyers
_ 240-259Frigates (past Destroyer Leaders)
_ 260-280Patrol Frigates
300-399Submarines
400-499Amphibious
500-599Mine Warfare
600-699Patrol
700-799Auxiliaries
800-899Service Craft
900-999Special Purpose
SCB #Start dateDescriptionNotes
SCB 002Albany class CG AAW modernization (Chicago partially only, Columbus cancelled)[189]
SCB 003.68Boston class CAG AAW modernization, cancelled[190]
SCB 100.68CVS ASW concept, became SCB 100.71
SCB 100.71CVS ASW concept
SCB 101.66Midway CVA modernization[191]
SCB 101.68Franklin D. Roosevelt CVA modernization, cancelled[192]
SCB 102.67Nimitz class CVN
SCB 103.68Franklin D. Roosevelt CVA austere refit[193]
SCB 200.65Knox class DE (former SCB 199C)[194]
SCB 222.66Forrest Sherman class DD ASW modernization (former SCB 251)ibid
SCB 223.67DDG
SCB 224Spruance class DD
SCB 226Ticonderoga class DDG
SCB 240.65Mar 1961Typhon DLGN concept (former SCB 227)ibid
SCB 241.66California class DLGN
SCB 243.66Farragut class DLG upgrade [195]
SCB 244.66Leahy class DLG upgrade [196]
SCB 246
SCB 261Oliver Hazard Perry class FFG
SCB 300Sturgeon-class SSN
SCB 301NR-1
SCB 302Glenard P. Lipscomb SSN
SCB 303Los Angeles class SSN
SCB 304Ohio class SSBN
SCB 350Grayback LPSS conversion
SCB 351Halibut SSN conversion
SCB 353James Madison and Benjamin Franklin classes SSBN Poseidon C-3 missile conversion
SCB 355Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin classes SSBN Poseidon C-3 conversion
SCB 400.65Nov 1962Blue Ridge class LCC (former SCB 248) ibid
SCB 401.65Jul 1955New Orleans LPH (former SCB 157)ibid,[197]
SCB 402.65Austin class LPD (former SCB 187B)ibid
SCB 403.65Charleston class AKA[198]
SCB 404.65Anchorage class LSD, lead ship only[199]
SCB 404.66Anchorage class LSD, follow on ships[200]
SCB 405.65Jun 1962Newport class LST, lead ship only (former SCB 247)ibid,[201]
SCB 405.66Jun 1962Newport class LST: follow on ships (former SCB 247)ibid,[202]
SCB 406.65LCU 1627[203]
SCB 409.68Feb 1965Tawara class LHA[204]
SCB 500.66Liberty ship MSS conversion concept
SCB 501.66MSO (ocean minesweeper) concept
SCB 502MSO modernization
SCB 600Asheville class PGM (former SCB 229)ibid
SCB 602Pegasus class PHM
SCB 700.66Samuel Gompers class follow on: AD-39, cancelled (former SCB 244)ibid,[205]
SCB 701AVB (aviation logistics support ship)
SCB 702.65L Y Spear class AS[206]
SCB 703.65Kilauea class AE[207]
SCB 704AGB (icebreaker)
SCB 705Mars class AFS (former SCB 208)ibid
SCB 706Cimarron class AO jumbo conversion

Ashtabula sub-class

[208]
SCB 707Wichita class AOR
SCB 708.65Chauvenet class AGSibid
SCB 709Serrano AGS conversion (former SCB 214)ibid
SCB 710Melville class AGOR
SCB 711.65Sacramento class AOE (former SCB 196)ibid,[209]
SCB 713Mission Buenaventura class AO jumbo conversion
SCB 714AS (submarine tender)
SCB 719Edenton class ATS
SCB 720Fast Deployment Logistic Ship FDL
SCB 721Pigeon class ASR
SCB 723Chauvenet AGS
SCB 726Hayes class AGOR (former SCB 226)ibid
SCB 728Wyman AGS
SCB 734Gyre class AGOR
SCB 737Emory S Land class AS
SCB 739Cimarron class AO
SCB 744Powhatan class ATF
SCB 800.65YP-654 class[210]
SCB 900.65Iowa class BB ASGL satellite launch concept[211]

CIP

The SCB also had a list of projects called Class Improvement Projects. These were usually changes of a lesser scope or risk than SCB projects; many were contingency plans to refurbish reserve ships had it been necessary to reactivate them.[212] No list of CIP numbers is available.

See also

References

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Friedman, Submarines, p. 7
  2. Friedman, Battleships, pp 311-313
  3. Friedman, Destroyers, pp 2-3
  4. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 13
  5. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 5
  6. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 13
  7. Friedman, Submarines pp. 132-133
  8. Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  9. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 369
  10. Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  11. Friedman, Submarines, p. 28
  12. Friedman, Submarines, p. 31
  13. Roberts, U.S. Navy Ship Design Project Numbers
  14. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 298
  15. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 237
  16. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 230
  17. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 265
  18. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 269
  19. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 340
  20. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 303
  21. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 303
  22. Friedman, Submarines, p. 90
  23. Friedman, Submarines, p. 90
  24. Crierie, SCB Numbers
  25. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  26. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  27. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  28. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  29. Friedman, Battleships, p. 390
  30. Wildenberg, 1996, p. 207
  31. Web site: YAG.
  32. Wildenberg, 1996, p. 207
  33. Friedman, Submarines, p. 267
  34. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 383
  35. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 390
  36. Crierie, SCB Numbers
  37. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  38. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  39. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 288
  40. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, pp. 24-25
  41. Friedman, Submarines, p. 178
  42. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 311
  43. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 254
  44. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 254, 256
  45. Friedman, Battleships, pp. 402-403
  46. Friedman, Submarines, p. 89
  47. Friedman, Submarines, pp. 252-263
  48. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, pp. 340-342
  49. Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 229-231
  50. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 231
  51. Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 231-232
  52. Friedman, Submarines, p. 41
  53. see linked Wiki article
  54. see linked Wiki article
  55. see linked Wiki article
  56. Friedman, Cruisers, p. 377
  57. Roberts, AO-105
  58. Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 271-273
  59. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 246
  60. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 246
  61. Friedman, Submarines, p. 80
  62. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 300
  63. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 300
  64. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 161
  65. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 161
  66. Friedman, Submarines, p. 182
  67. Hewlett & Duncan, Nuclear Navy, p. 162
  68. Friedman, Submarines, p. 186
  69. Hewlett & Duncan, Nuclear Navy, p. 162
  70. Friedman, Submarines, p. 220
  71. Friedman, Submarines, p. 99
  72. Friedman, Submarines, p. 47
  73. Friedman, Submarines, p. 48
  74. Friedman, Submarines, p. 222
  75. Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 273-274
  76. Friedman, Naval Anti-Air Guns, p. 1043
  77. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 118
  78. Friedman, Battleships, p. 390
  79. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 329-330
  80. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 269
  81. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 318
  82. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 319-322
  83. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 269
  84. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 256
  85. Friedman, Cruisers, p. 430
  86. Friedman, Submarines, p. 94
  87. Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 246-249
  88. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 249
  89. Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 201
  90. Friedman, Small Combatants, pp. 207-208
  91. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 292
  92. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 292
  93. Crierie, SCB Numbers
  94. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 300
  95. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 300
  96. Friedman, Submarines, p. 31
  97. Friedman, Submarines, p. 178
  98. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 306-307
  99. Friedman, Submarines, p. 128
  100. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 350
  101. Roberts, LSV-1-2
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  109. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 266
  110. Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 275-279
  111. Friedman, Submarines, p. 95
  112. Roberts, AV-4
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  116. Friedman, Cruisers, pp. 386-387
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  125. Friedman, Submarines, p. 33
  126. Roberts, AV-7
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  156. Friedman, Submarines, p. 143
  157. Roberts, CM-5
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  159. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 355
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  171. see linked Wiki article
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  178. Friedman, Destroyers, pp. 364-370
  179. Fahey, p. 13
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  181. Fahey, pp. 49, 63
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  183. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 339-344
  184. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 426-430
  185. Friedman, Aircraft Carriers, p. 318
  186. Fahey, p. 13
  187. Friedman, Small Combatants, p. 257
  188. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, p. 429
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  194. Fahey, p. 24
  195. Fahey, p. 12
  196. Fahey, p. 12
  197. Fahey, p. 63
  198. Fahey, p. 44
  199. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 331-334
  200. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 331-334
  201. Fahey, pp. 42, 45 & 63
  202. Fahey, p. 45
  203. Fahey, p. 45
  204. Friedman, Amphibious Ships, pp. 374-381
  205. Fahey, p. 49
  206. Fahey, p. 63
  207. Fahey, p. 49
  208. Fahey p. 63
  209. Fahey, p. 63
  210. Fahey, p. 45
  211. Friedman, Battleships, p. 400
  212. Friedman, Destroyers, p. 161