Political prisoners in the United States explained

Throughout its history and into the present, the United States has held political prisoners, people whose detention is based substantially on political motives. Prominent U.S. political prisoners have included anti-war socialists, civil rights movement activists, conscientious objectors, and War on Terrorism detainees.

History

"Political prisoner" is an inherently vague term which is most commonly applied to people persecuted for their political beliefs or for their "threat" to the government.[1] Imprisonment for mere expression of political beliefs is rare in the United States, because free speech and free expression are well-established in law. This was not always the case. For example, the Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders incarcerated dozens of Communist Party USA leaders for advocating the overthrow of the United States government, a fact which was only halted by Yates v. United States (1957). However, several human rights groups, such as Amnesty International, have pointed to repeated examples of US federal and state governments targeting people affiliated with dissident movements for "neutralization" by applying much harsher sentences for real or "framed" crimes, such as during COINTELPRO.

The U.S. has recognized conscientious objection to military service since its founding.[2] However, the U.S. only recognizes blanket objection to all wars, and does not recognize stronger forms of the "right to refuse to kill", such as opposition to specific wars. Many prisoners have been objectors to specific wars (such as World War I, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, or Iraq War).

Scope

There are no systematic estimates of the present or past scope of political prisoners in the United States. The number of political prisoners cannot be precisely determined.[3] However, Jane Taubner wrote in 1992 that "most of the individuals and organizations investigating the existence of political prisoners in the United States agree that there are a minimum of over 100 political prisoners in America".

During a July 1978 interview with French newspaper Le Matin de Paris, Ambassador to the United Nations Andrew Young caused controversy when he said: "We still have hundreds of people that I would categorize as political prisoners in our prisons. Maybe even thousands, depending on how you categorize them."[4] [5]

In 1988, Peggy Halsey, a senior member of the United Methodist Church General Board of Global Ministries, wrote about inmates of the High Security Unit in FMC Lexington and claimed that "over 100 other inmates are recognized as political prisoners by their respective movements for social change".[6]

In 1990, various left-wing groups supported the Freedom Now! coalition and organized a "Special International Tribunal" (or "1990 Tribunal") on political prisoners in the US. The 1990 tribunal was inspired by the 1951 We Charge Genocide petition and modeled on the 1966 Russell Tribunal on Vietnam.[7] Freedom Now! alleged that there are "more than 100 people locked up in U.S. prisons because of their political actions or beliefs".[8] The 1990 Tribunal reached the verdict that political people "have been subjected to disproportionately lengthy prison sentences and to torture, cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment within the U.S. prison system."[9]

Early notable alleged political prisoners

The concepts of "political prisoner" and "prisoner of conscience" were underdeveloped until the post-World War II era, which saw the creation of intergovernmental and international human rights groups like the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1946) and Amnesty International (1961). The prisoners below were arrested before or during this era:

Prisoners highlighted by Amnesty International

See main article: List of Amnesty International-designated prisoners of conscience. Amnesty International is an INGO founded to oppose violations of human rights. Amnesty International has named the following people and groups as prisoners of conscience or political prisoners in the United States:

Amnesty International has identified multiple American conscientious objectors to the Iraq War who have either been imprisoned or are seeking refuge, notably in Canada, for their resistance. These individuals include:

Amnesty International has highlighted the following people and groups as recipients of extensive inhumane treatment and/or wrongful or "framed" convictions, who may be considered political prisoners:

Prisoners considered by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention

The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WAGD) is a United Nations body which examines alleged cases of arbitrary imprisonment. Arbitrary imprisonment is substantially broader than political imprisonment, as it also includes all cases where non-arbitrary legal processes failed for non-political reasons. The WAGD has considered the detention of the following individuals to be arbitrary on multiple categories:

Later notable alleged political prisoners

Because the term "political prisoner" is vague, there is disagreement on who should be included by that term. The people below prominently described themselves (or were described by other prominent people) as political prisoners:

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. David P. . Forsythe . 9 . 2 . Spring 1976 . Political Prisoners: The Law and Politics of Protection . Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230228101333/https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2508&context=vjtl . February 28, 2023 . A government may regard a person as a threat to its security and detain him under a law that has nothing to do with security, such as income tax laws, or immigration laws. United States former Attorney General Richard Kleindienst has said: "There is enough play at the joints of our existing criminal law-enough flexibility-so that if we really felt that we had to pick up the leaders of a violent uprising, we could. We could find something to charge them with and we would be able to hold them that way for a while." Hence, many political prisoners are detained under non-security laws. [....] There is an analytical "fuzziness" because reasonable men can honestly differ on the subject. Perhaps the classic example of difficulty is determining whether conscientious objectors are political prisoners under any approach. Also, many legal prosecutions can be viewed as persecution in defense of excessive governmental claims to security, depending upon one's point of view as to the normal extent of human rights. A case in point concerns differing views on the permissibility of joining an opposition political party. Finally, any violation of law may be said to threaten the security of a government if such violation becomes widespread throughout society..
  2. Book: Robert Paul . Churchill . Conscientious Objection . Donald K. Wells . An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics . Greenwood Press . 1996 . 0313291160 . 99–102 . https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000unse_z7e9/page/98/mode/2up.
  3. Jane . Taubner . 1992 . 18 . 1&2 . 63–90 . Political Prisoners in the United States . New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement .
  4. Book: DeRoche . Andrew . Andrew DeRoche . 2003 . Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador . Rowman & Littlefield . 0-8420-2956-7 . In a July 10 interview with the French paper Le Matin, the am- bassador again offered a very detailed and impressive analysis of African affairs. He discussed an incredible range of conflicts, from the ubiquitous Southern Rhodesian war to the relatively obscure French intervention in Chad. Overall, he was optimistic about the Carter administration's foreign policy. When discussing the Soviet Union and its treatment of dissident Jews, however, he commented, "We still have hundreds of people that I would categorize as political prisoners in our prisons." He was referring mainly to the arrests of civil rights activists like himself in the 1960s and the jailings of people for protesting the Vietnam War. He added that most of these demonstrators attained freedom quickly and that the legal system of the United States was preferable to those of other countries. Nonetheless, his one sentence about "political prisoners" in the midst of a lengthy and overwhelmingly pro-American interview sparked intense controversy in Washington..
  5. Web site: July 24, 1978 Vol. 124, Part 17 — Bound Edition (House pages) . July 24, 1978 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222011640/https://www.congress.gov/95/crecb/1978/07/24/GPO-CRECB-1978-pt17-2-1.pdf . February 22, 2023 . Y: Yes, but judging Scharansky is one thing that is probably an act of defiance and independence on their part but they wm continue to negotiate arms limitationsand there's no tell1ng what's liable to happen. We still have hundreds of people that I would categorize as political prisoners in our prisons. Maybe even thousands, depending on how you categorize them. During the war in Vietnam, whenever there was domestic pressure, most of these young people who went to jail for conscience were political prisoners. Where they had good legal assistance most of the time they got free. Our political system, especially our court system, does have a great deal more flexibility in it, but you still have to fight for it..
  6. Undue Process . Peggy . Halsey . Christianity in Crisis . 48 . 4 . March 21, 1988 . 81–84 .
  7. Book: Matt . Meyer . 2008 . Kersplebedeb . Let Freedom Ring: A Collection of Documents from the Movements to Free U.S. Political Prisoners . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222033701/http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/28924/1/56.pdf.pdf . February 22, 2023 . 978-1-60486-035-1.
  8. Web site: Face Reality. . 1989 . Freedom Now! . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222073957/https://search.freedomarchives.org/search.php?view_collection=29 . February 22, 2023.
  9. Web site: Verdict of the Special International Tribunal on the Violation of Human Rights of Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War in United States Prisons and Jails . December 10, 1990 . Special International Tribunal on the Violation of Human Rights of Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War in United States Prisons and Jails . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125032745/http://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC34_scans/34.web.verdict.1990.tribunal.pdf . January 25, 2021.
  10. Book: 2012 . Gay . Kathlyn . American Dissidents: An Encyclopedia of Activists, Subversives, and Prisoners of Conscience, Volume 2: K-Z . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-59884-764-2.
  11. Howard . Zinn . Howard Zinn . January 1999 . Eugene V. Debs and the Idea of Socialism . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180715201607/https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/bio/zinn.htm . July 15, 2018.
  12. Web site: October 12, 2007 . Eugene V. Debs . TIME . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203523/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722648,00.html . 2007-10-12.
  13. Book: Kennedy, David . The American Pageant . Boston: Houghton Mifflin . 2006 . 716.
  14. Book: Martin, Charles H. . The Angelo Herndon Case and Southern Justice . LSU Press . 1976.
  15. Web site: Angelo Herndon papers .
  16. Web site: Vile . John R. . Herndon v. Lowry .
  17. Web site: The Meaning of The King Holiday . Coretta Scott . King . Coretta Scott King . 2012 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120120034433/https://thekingcenter.org/meaning-king-holiday . January 20, 2012.
  18. Web site: 5 ½ Things You Might Not Know About Martin Luther King, Jr. . January 20, 2020 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222064428/https://www.boisestate.edu/student-life/5-1-2-things-you-might-not-know-about-martin-luther-king-jr/ . February 22, 2023.
  19. Web site: Martin Luther King, Jr. – Arrests . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223063347/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/mlk-topic/martin-luther-king-jr-arrests . February 23, 2023.
  20. Book: Greene . Helen . Gabbidon . Shaun . Encyclopedia of Race and Crime . April 14, 2009 . . 978-1-4522-6609-1 . 636–639 . en . Political Prisoners.
  21. News: Jeanne . Theoharis . Rosa Parks Was a Radical . . February 4, 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230204140326/https://jacobin.com/2023/02/rosa-parks-radical-politics-civil-rights-movement-activism/ . February 4, 2023.
  22. Book: Jeanne . Theoharis . The rebellious life of Mrs. Rosa Parks . 2013 . . 9780807050477 .
  23. Web site: Rosa Parks' Biography . The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks . May 18, 2016 . September 11, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170314233819/https://rosaparksbiography.org/bio/prisoner-defense-committees/ . March 14, 2017.
  24. News: John . Oppedahl . 12,000 Hail Angela Davis . . June 19, 1972 . 3A, 8A.
  25. Book: Churchill . Ward . Ward Churchill . Wall . Jim Vander . Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement . 2002 . South End Press . 978-0-89608-646-3 . 61.
  26. Web site: Amnesty International Annual Report 1974-1975 . 1975 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111181850/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/POL100011975ENGLISH.pdf . January 11, 2023 . Much attention has been given throughout the year to the case of Martin Sostre, sentenced to a possible 40 years' imprisonment in 1968 for the alleged sale of narcotics. The only witness of the alleged sale has since recanted his testimony, and AI believes that Mr Sostre was falsely implicated because of his political activities. He was one of the prisoners featured during Prisoner of Conscience Week in October 1974..
  27. Imari . Obadele . October 1978 . 10 . 2 . 53–67 . The Black Scholar . Open Letter to U.S. President Jimmy Carter from RNA President Imari Abubakari Obadele, I . 10.1080/00064246.1978.11412683 . 41163666.
  28. Web site: Amnesty International Annual Report 1979 . 1979 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221025165525/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/POL100011979ENGLISH.pdf . October 25, 2022.
  29. Web site: This Month in North Carolina History February 1971 – The Wilmington Ten . February 2, 2006 . . . March 5, 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060205022125/http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/ref/nchistory/feb2005/ . February 5, 2006.
  30. Web site: Fraker . Susan . Vern . Smith . Elliot . Lee . US Political Prisoners? . July 31, 1978 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221064331/http://web.mit.edu/esg-conscience/www/resr/mmr-young.shtml . February 21, 2023.
  31. Web site: Amnesty International Annual Report 1978 . 1978 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220214101301/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/POL100011978ENGLISH.pdf . February 14, 2022.
  32. J. Christopher . Schutz . January 1999 . The North Carolina Historical Review . 71 . 1 . 43–65 . The Burning of America: Race, Radicalism, and the "Charlotte Three" Trial in 1970s North Carolina . 23522170.
  33. Web site: Advice to editors: USA: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns . September 19, 1991 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221085826/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/043/1991/en/ . February 21, 2023 . In the USA, some 25 armed forces personnel who have been imprisoned over the past nine months on charges stemming from their refusal on conscientious grounds to participate in military service related to the Gulf War have been taken up by the organization as prisoners of conscience..
  34. Web site: United States of America: Human rights violations: a summary of Amnesty International's concerns . March 1, 1995 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221104331/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr510251995en.pdf . February 21, 2023. "The right to freedom of thought and expression is well-established in US law. Nevertheless, Amnesty International has worked on behalf of prisoners of conscience in the USA, most recently in 1991–1992 when it campaigned for the release of more than 30 military personnel imprisoned for their conscientious objection to the Gulf War.".
  35. Web site: AI News Release: United States of America: Amnesty International takes up conscientious objector as prisoner of conscience . February 7, 1991 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221090210/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/006/1991/en/ . February 21, 2023.
  36. Web site: UA 304/91 – United States of America: prisoner of conscience / conscientious objector: Captain Yolanda Huet-Vaughn . September 8, 1991 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221101843/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/037/1991/en/ . February 21, 2023.
  37. Web site: USA: Prisoner of Conscience, Staff Sergeant Camilo Mejia Castillo . June 2, 2004 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221081341/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/092/2004/en/ . February 21, 2023.
  38. Web site: USA: Prisoner of conscience: Abdullah William Webster . September 16, 2004 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221075000/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/137/2004/en/ . February 21, 2023.
  39. Web site: USA: Prisoner of conscience, Kevin Benderman . August 8, 2005 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223030556/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/123/2005/en/ . February 23, 2023.
  40. Web site: USA: Prisoner of conscience: Mark Lee Wilkerson (m) . March 28, 2007 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223030820/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/053/2007/en/ . February 23, 2023.
  41. Web site: UA 60/07 Prisoner of conscience: USA Agustín Aguayo . March 8, 2007 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160114190513/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/041/2007/en/ . January 14, 2016.
  42. Web site: USA: War objectors' freedom of conscience must be respected . August 6, 2009 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223024311/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/089/2009/en/ . February 23, 2023 . US law recognizes the right to conscientious objection only on grounds of opposition to all war in any form. Thus, soldiers who object to serving in a particular war currently have no way of legally registering for exemption on this ground. Some have their applications for conscientious objection refused; others, knowing such applications to be futile, go “absent without leave”..
  43. Web site: USA: Soldier imprisoned as conscientious objector: Travis Bishop . August 24, 2009 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223030106/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/093/2009/en/ . February 23, 2023.
  44. Web site: Canada: US woman possible prisoner of conscience: Kimberly Rivera . September 13, 2012 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221082050/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr20/007/2012/en/ . February 21, 2023.
  45. Web site: May 12, 2005 . USA: Jeremy Hinzman – Conscientious objector seeking refuge in Canada . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223024310/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AMR51/075/2005/en/ . February 23, 2023 . Amnesty International.
  46. Web site: October 24, 2008 . Canada: Possible prisoner of conscience: Matthew Lowell (m) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223024311/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr20/009/2008/en/ . February 23, 2023 . Amnesty International.
  47. Web site: July 8, 2008 . Canada: Prisoner of Conscience: James Corey Glass (m) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223031558/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr20/002/2008/en/ . February 23, 2023 . Amnesty International.
  48. Web site: January 23, 2009 . Canada: Prisoner of Conscience: Dean William Walcott . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033936/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr20/007/2009/en/ . February 23, 2023 . Amnesty International.
  49. Web site: February 2, 2007 . USA: War objector's freedom of conscience must be respected . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223030539/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/024/2007/en/ . February 23, 2023 . Amnesty International.
  50. Web site: Last Man Standing: The Tragedy and Triumph of Geronimo ji-Jaga Pratt . . October 5, 2000 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071212052903/https://www.democracynow.org/2000/10/5/last_man_standing_the_tragedy_and . December 12, 2007.
  51. Web site: Herman Wallace, Free At Last . Amy . Goodman . Denis . Moynihan . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151220220009/https://www.democracynow.org/2013/10/3/herman_wallace_free_at_last . December 20, 2015.
  52. Web site: How has Albert Woodfox survived 40 years in solitary confinement? . December 13, 2015 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223062850/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2015/12/albert-woodfox-surviving-40-years-solitary-confinement/ . February 23, 2023.
  53. Web site: Suzanne . Trimel . July 10, 2013 . Amnesty International Appeals for Release of Terminally Ill 'Angola 3' Prisoner, After 40 Years in Solitary Confinement . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221073608/https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/amnesty-international-appeals-for-release-of-terminally-ill-angola-3-prisoner-after-40-years-in-solitary-confinement/ . February 21, 2023.
  54. News: James . Erwin . 2010-03-10 . 37 years of solitary confinement: the Angola three . en-GB . The Guardian . December 12, 2017 . 0261-3077.
  55. Web site: A Life in the Balance: The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal . . February 17, 2000 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201103126/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR51/001/2000 . December 1, 2008.
  56. Burroughs . Todd Steven . Mumia's voice: confined to Pennsylvania's death row, Mumia Abu-Jamal remains at the center of debate as he continues to write and options to appeal his police murder conviction dwindle . . September 1, 2004 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222205217/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mumia's+voice%3A+confined+to+Pennsylvania's+death+row,+Mumia+Abu-Jamal...-a0121572304 . February 22, 2023.
  57. Web site: Live from Death Row: Political prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal speaks from prison . Helen . Halyard . . April 21, 1999 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130127205024/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/04/mumi-a21.html . January 27, 2013.
  58. Web site: The Case of Gary Tyler: Despite Witness Recantations and No Physical Evidence, Louisiana Prisoner Remains Jailed After 32 Years . . March 1, 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071211232300/https://www.democracynow.org/2007/3/1/the_case_of_gary_tyler_despite . December 11, 2007.
  59. Web site: United States of America: The case of Gary Tyler, Louisiana . November 1, 1994 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110701/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr510891994en.pdf . February 21, 2023.
  60. Web site: USA (Louisiana): Unfair Trial: Gary Tyler (m) . November 16, 2007 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230225102826/https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr511822007en.pdf . February 25, 2023.
  61. Web site: USA: Amnesty International seeks further information on "Food Not Bombs" activists arrested in San Francisco, USA . October 28, 1994 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221112236/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr510871994en.pdf . February 21, 2023.
  62. Web site: USA (California): Amnesty International concerned about imprisonment of community activist . June 17, 1996 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221112256/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr510521996en.pdf . February 21, 2023.
  63. Web site: Justice Not Served for the Muslim Community . December 17, 2001 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071212100651/https://www.democracynow.org/2001/12/17/justice_not_served_for_the_muslim . December 12, 2007.
  64. Web site: USA: Letter to the USA Government . July 23, 2000 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230222085526/https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr511162000en.pdf . February 22, 2023.
  65. Web site: As Clinton Contemplates Clemency for Leonard Peltier, a Debate Between the FBI and Defense Attorneys . . December 11, 2000 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071211233053/https://www.democracynow.org/2000/12/11/as_clinton_contemplates_clemency_for_leonard . December 11, 2007.
  66. Web site: USA: Appeal for the release of Leonard Peltier . July 14, 1999 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223060305/https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr511601999en.pdf . February 23, 2023.
  67. Web site: Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention E/CN.4/2006/7/ADD.1 . October 19, 2005 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230225081737/https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=E/CN.4/2006/7/Add.1&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False . February 25, 2023 . Mr. Peltier was given an opportunity to raise all the complaints listed in the communication before the national appellate courts, which, in well-reasoned decisions, dismissed them. Therefore, the Working Group, noting that it is not mandated to be a substitute for national appellate courts, renders the following opinion: The deprivation of Mr. Leonard Peltier is not arbitrary.. Alt URL
  68. Web site: Opinion No. 7/2022 concerning Leonard Peltier (United States of America) A/HRC/WGAD/2022/7 . April 8, 2022 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223062644/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/A-HRC-WGAD-7-2022-USA-AEV.pdf . February 23, 2023 . The deprivation of liberty of Leonard Peltier, being in contravention of articles 2, 7 and 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 2 (1), 9 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is arbitrary and falls within categories III and V..
  69. Web site: Marcos Antonio Aguilar-Rodriguez (United States of America) . Action4Justice . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702171114/https://action4justice.org/resource-bank/marcos-antonio-aguilar-rodriguez-united-states-of-america/ . July 2, 2022.
  70. Web site: Opinion No. 72/2017 concerning Marcos Antonio Aguilar-Rodríguez (United States of America) A/HRC/WGAD/2017/72 . December 28, 2017 . . The deprivation of liberty of Marcos Antonio Aguilar-Rodríguez, being in contravention of articles 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of articles 2, 9, 16 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, was arbitrary and fell within categories II, IV and V.. Alt URL
  71. Web site: Deaths in custody. Sexual violence. Hunger strikes. What we uncovered inside ICE facilities across the US . December 19, 2019 . Monsy . Alvarado . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191220071023/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/nation/2019/12/19/ice-asylum-under-trump-exclusive-look-us-immigration-detention/4381404002/ . December 20, 2019.
  72. Web site: Opinion No. 49/2020 concerning Fernando Aguirre-Urbina (United States of America) A/HRC/WGAD/2020/49 . October 2, 2020 . . The deprivation of liberty of Fernando Aguirre-Urbina, being in contravention of articles 3, 8, 9, 10 and 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 9, 14 (1) and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is arbitrary and falls within categories I, II, III, IV and V.. Alt URL
  73. News: Malo . Sebastien . September 30, 2021 . Donziger asks judge to heed U.N. experts' finding of 'arbitrary' detention . en . Reuters . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210930204958/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/donziger-asks-judge-heed-un-experts-finding-arbitrary-detention-2021-09-30/ . September 30, 2021.
  74. Web site: Opinion No. 24/2021 concerning Steven Donziger (United States of America) A/HRC/WGAD/2021/24 . October 1, 2021 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230223224622/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/A_HRC_WGAD_2021_24_AdvanceEditedVersion.pdf . February 23, 2023 . The deprivation of liberty of Steven Donziger, being in contravention of articles 2, 3, 7, 10 and 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 2 (1), 9, 14 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is arbitrary and falls within categories I, III and V..
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