List of dinosaur specimens sold at auction explained

Many dinosaur specimens have been sold at auction, as part of the fossil trade. On average, around five dinosaur skeletons are put up for auction each year.[1] These specimens are mostly purchased by wealthy private collectors and museums in Europe and the United States, though interest has been growing in China as well. The private sale of fossils has attracted criticism from paleontologists, as it presents an obstacle to fossils being publicly accessible to research.

Most countries where relatively complete dinosaur specimens are commonly found have laws against the export of fossils. The United States allows the sale of specimens collected on private property. As such, the majority of dinosaur fossils sold at auction were collected in the United States. However, smuggled specimens, particularly from Mongolia, also appear at auctions, often with falsified information on their source.

This list includes both specimens sold at auction and specimens that were scheduled to be sold at auction that have received news coverage.

Table

Sortable table
Name (Spec #)TaxonReported materialDiscoveryAuctionNotesImagesSource
Auction HouseDateLocationSale price (USD)
OriginalAdjusted
UnidentifiedNest with 10 eggsFound in ChinaBonhamsLondon$76,000$Purchaser was an anonymous American buyer. Collector also bought a set of 5 eggs at same auction for $18,750.[2] [3]
Sue (FMNH PR 2081)Tyrannosaurus rex90% of a skeletonDiscovered August 12, 1990, by Sue Hendrickson in the Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, United States Excavated by Hendrickson and the Black Hills Institute.Sotheby'sNew York City$8,362,500$Purchased by and now displayed at the Field Museum of Natural History. Most complete known specimen of Tyrannosaurus,[4] and among the largest.[5] Most expensive fossil sold until the sale of Stan in 2020.[6]
Barnum Tyrannosaurus rex20% of a skeletonCollected by Japeth Boyce in Wyoming, United States in 1995BonhamsLos Angeles$93,250$Reported to potentially be the same individual as the first T. rex specimen ever discovered, now at the Natural History Museum, London.[7] [8]
UnidentifiedNest with 22 eggsCollected in Guangdong, China in 1984BonhamsLos Angeles$420,000$Sale later cancelled and seized by customs agents.[9] [10]
Tarbosaurus bataarSkullCollected from MongoliaI. M. ChaitNew York City$270,000$Specimen bought by actor Nicolas Cage. Specimen determined to have been illegally exported. Cage surrendered the specimen to authorities for repatriation to Mongolia in 2015[11] [12] [13]
TriceratopsSkullMaynardsVancouver$66,500$Originated from the collection of a Japanese department store. Sold significantly below estimates.[14] [15] [16] [17]
Edmontosaurus$150,000$Originated from the collection of a Japanese department store. Sold significantly below estimates.
Triceratops80% complete skullCollected in North Dakota, USBonhamsNew York City$242,000$
Alioramus remotusSkullCollected in "Central Asia" (presumably Mongolia)$206,000$[18] [19]
Edmontosaurus90% complete skeletonFound near Ruth Mason Ranch near Faith, South Dakota, US sometime prior to 1991BonhamsLas Vegas$458,000$[20] [21] [22]
AllosaurusSkeletonCollected in Wyoming, USSotheby'sParis$1,815,450$Said to originate from an old German collection[23] [24]
Fighting PairAllosaurus + StegosaurusStegosaurus: 75%–80% of a skeleton; incorporates elements of second specimen. Allosaurus: mostly complete, including complete skullCollected in 2007 from Dana Quarry, Wyoming, USHeritage AuctionsDallas$2,748,000$A carnivorous and herbivorous dinosaur preserved together. Purchased by a museum.[25] [26] [27]
Triceratops"Virtually complete" skeleton along with a skullFound in South Dakota, US in 2004, the skull and skeleton were found 750 ft apart, and it is not clear that they belong to the same individual$657,250$Auctioned in the same sale as "Fighting Pair"[28] [29]
Tarbosaurus bataarSkeletonCollected from MongoliaHeritage AuctionsNew York City$1,050,000$Sale later withdrawn. Subject of the legal case United States v. One Tyrannosaurus Bataar Skeleton and subsequently returned to Mongolia.[30] [31]
MistyDiplodocusSkeletonCollected from Dana Quarry, Wyoming, US, in 2009Summers PlaceBillingshurst$652,000$Purchased by the Natural History Museum of Denmark.[32] [33] [34]
FreyaHypacrosaurusSkeletonCollected from Montana, USSummers PlaceBillingshurst$178,200$[35] [36]
KanAllosaurusSkeletonCollected from Harlan Ranch, Johnson County, Wyoming, US, in 2013DrouotParis$1,155,000$1,320,078.37Sold to Kleber Rossillon, on display at the Château de Marqueyssac.[37] [38] [39] [40]
TriceratopsSkullCollected in Wyoming, USDrouotParis$188,000$[41] [42]
Diplodocus/KaatedocusSkeletonEastern Big Horn Mountains, Johnson County, WyomingDrouotParis$1,771,200$1,934,863.91Sold alongside an Allosaurus, both sold to same collector, a Filipino businessman[43] [44] [45]
Allosaurus60% complete skeleton[46] Eastern Big Horn Mountains, Johnson County, WyomingParis$1,734,300$1,894,554.25Sold alongside a Diplodocus, both sold to same collector, a Filipino businessman[47]
Allosaurus70% of a skeletonCollected in 2013 in Wyoming, USDrouotParis$2,340,000$2,556,222.65Potentially represents a new species[48]
MaximusThescelosaurus 70%–75% of skeleton, including parts of skullCollected in 2018 in the Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USPiguetGeneva$$[49] [50] [51]
Stan (BHI 3033)Tyrannosaurus rex70% of a skeletonHell Creek Formation, South Dakota, US Found by Stan Sacrison in 1987, and excavated by the Black Hills Institute in 1992.Christie'sNew York City$31,800,000$Purchased by the state of Abu Dhabi.[52] Most expensive fossil ever sold until the sale of the Stegosaurus Apex in 2024. Sale did not include rights to reproduction, which were retained by Black Hills Institute of Geological Research. Numerous replicas are exhibited in museums worldwide.[53]
AllosaurusSkeletonCollected in Wyoming, US in 2016DrouotParis$3,466,000$3,466,000[54]
Big JohnTriceratops60% of a skeleton, including 75% of skullFound by Walter Stein in May 2014, in the Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, US Excavation complete by August 2015.DrouotParis$7,740,000$7,740,000Purchased by an anonymous American collector. Guinness World Records claimed it was the largest known Triceratops skeleton,[55] with a skull reconstructed to be 2.62m (08.6feet) long. Most expensive Triceratops sold, and most expensive fossil sold in Europe.[56] [57]
HectorDeinonychusAround 50% of a skeleton with 126 preserved bones, missing all or most of the skullExcavated from Wolf Canyon, Carbon County, Montana, US from sediments of the Cloverly Formation in February 2015Christie'sNew York City$12,412,500$12,412,500Previously displayed at the Natural History Museum of Denmark from 2020-2021[58] [59] [60] [61]
GorgosaurusPartial skeleton consisting of 79 elementsExcavated from the sediments of the Judith River Formation in Chouteau County, Montana, US, in 2018Sotheby'sNew York City$6,069,500$6,069,500[62] [63]
TriceratopsSkullExcavated from the Hell Creek Formation in South Dakota, US $661,500$661,500[64]
Allosaurus Articulated leg and footExcavated from Sutton Quarry in Moffat County, Colorado, US$163,800$163,800[65] [66]
ZephyrCamptosauridaePartial skeletonFound near Skull Creek in Moffat County, Colorado, US in 2019Giquello & AssociésParis$660,738$660,738[67] [68]
Maximus Tyrannosaurus rexSkullExcavated from the Hell Creek Formation in Harding County, South Dakota, US in 2020Sotheby'sNew York$6,069,500$6,069,500Sold well below estimate of $15–20 million[69] [70] [71]
293 TrinityTyrannosaurus rexComposite ~ 50% complete skeleton of 293 bones from three individualsExcavated from several sites in the Hell Creek Formation, Montana and the Lance Formation, Wyoming, US between 2008 and 2013KollerZurich$6,200,000 $6,200,000[72] [73] [74]
BarryCamptosaurus80% complete skeleton with a largely complete skullDiscovered around 2000 in sediments of the Morrison Formation in Crook County, Wyoming, United StatesDrouotParis$985,447$985,447[75] [76] [77] [78]
ApexStegosaurusLargely complete skeleton, most complete known skeleton of Stegosaurus.Discovered in 2020 in Moffat County, Colorado, USSotheby'sNew York$44,600,000$44,600,000Sold 11 times above pre-sale estimates to American billionaire financier Kenneth Griffin. Most expensive fossil ever sold as of 2024.[79]

Specimens planned to be auctioned

Some specimens planned to be auctioned did not sell, due to failing to meet the reserve price, legal challenges, or other obstacles. This list also includes specimens whose planned auction was announced, but for which information on whether it was sold is not available.

Sortable table
Name (Spec #)TaxonMaterialDiscoveryAuctionNotesImagesSource
Auction HouseDateLocation
Z-RexTyrannosaurusFound in South Dakota, US in 1992eBayN/ADisrupted by prank bidders[80] [81]
Millionaire.com
ConchoraptorFound in ChinaGuernsey'sNew York CityFailed to receive a single bid.[82] [83]
Stygimoloch Largely complete skullNear Gumbo Butte, Montana, USFailed to meet reserve price
TriceratopsFound in North Dakota, US, in 2004Christie'sParisFailed to meet reserve price, subsequently purchased by an American collector[84] [85] [86]
DryosaurusFound in Wyoming, US in 1993I. M. ChaitNew York CityFailed to meet reserve price. Subsequently purchased by businessman John S. Middleton and donated to the Beneski Museum of Natural History at Amherst College. Reported to be one of the most complete Dryosaurus specimens.[87] [88] [89] [90]
SamsonTyrannosaurus55% complete skeletonNear Buffalo, South Dakota, US prior to 1994BonhamsLas VegasFailed to meet reserve price at auction, subsequently purchased by an undisclosed buyer[91] [92]
Prosaurolophus Skeleton with mummified skinSotheby'sParisFailed to meet reserve price[93] [94] [95]
CLOVER Le CombattantTenontosaurusLargely complete skeletonMontana, US in 2008[96]
Suuwassea
TriceratopsSkull
Dueling DinosaursTyrannosaurus + TriceratopsMontana, US, in 2006BonhamsNew York CityFailed to meet reserve price[97]
Dragon KingTriceratops95% complete skullMontana, US First spotted by landowner Ray Novakovich in 1992, but not excavated until 2003.Evolved LTDHong KongReported in 2015 to be largest known Triceratops skull, at 2.8m (09.2feet) long. Unclear if the specimen was sold.[98] [99]
Little AlAllosaurusJuvenile skeletonWyoming, US, in 2009Summers PlaceBillingshurstFailed to meet reserve price[100] [101] [102]
StegosaurusWyoming, US, in 2010AuctionataBerlinFailed to meet reserve price[103]
Allosaurus55% of a skeletonFound in the United StatesArtcurialParisFailed to meet reserve price[104] [105] [106]
Camptosaurus90% completeWyoming, USFailed to meet reserve price
Ornitholestes + OthnieliaTwo skeletons mounted in a combat poseJohnson County, Wyoming, USDrouotParisFailed to meet reserve price[107] [108] [109]
HypacrosaurusAdult and juvenile skeletonGlacier County, Montana, US[110]
SkinnyDiplodocidae90% of skeleton, with preserved patches of skinWyoming, US in 2012DrouotParisPotentially a new species. Displayed in Heathrow Airport in April–May 2019, prior to auction. Failed to meet reserve price.[111] [112]
DiplodocusDana Quarry, Wyoming, US in 2008Emirates AuctionAugust–September 2019DubaiOriginally at The Dubai Mall, no bidders[113] [114]
ShenTyrannosaurusPartial skeleton with 80 bonesExcavated in Montana, US in 2020 from sediments of the Hell Creek FormationChristie'sNovember 2022Hong KongSale cancelled after it became known that the casts used to replace missing bones were based on those of Stan, which is the intellectual property of the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research[115] [116]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Two dinosaurs fetch over 1.4 million euros each in Paris sale. 2021-10-28. Agence France-Presse. en. phys.org.
  2. Web site: Schoettler. Carl. $76,000 for 100-million-year-old dinosaur eggs? U.S. man saw the price as right. live. 2021-10-29. baltimoresun.com. 16 September 1993 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227044513/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-09-16-1993259093-story.html. 2021-02-27. en-US.
  3. Web site: September 15, 1993. Dinosaur artifacts draw premium prices at London auction. 2021-10-31. UPI. en.
  4. 10.2307/3889334. 1062-161X. 7. 1–138. Brochu. Christopher A.. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Insights from a Nearly Complete Skeleton and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Analysis of the Skull. Memoir. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2003-01-14. 3889334.
  5. 10.1002/ar.24118. 1932-8486. 303. 4. 656–672. Persons. W. Scott. Currie. Philip J.. Erickson. Gregory M.. An older and exceptionally large adult specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex. The Anatomical Record. 2020. 30897281. 85448862. free.
  6. News: Browne. Malcolm W.. 1997-10-05. Tyrannosaur Skeleton Is Sold To a Museum for $8.36 Million. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-10-31. 0362-4331.
  7. News: Madigan. Nick. 2004-05-17. T. Rex Fetches a Bare-Bones Price at Auction. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-10-29. 0362-4331.
  8. Web site: CNN.com - T. rex fossils go for nearly $100,000 at auction - May 17, 2004. 2021-10-31. edition.cnn.com.
  9. News: Dinosaur nest sells for $420,000. December 4, 2006. news.bbc.co.uk.
  10. Web site: 2007-02-20. Customs Agents Seize Dinosaur Eggs Sold At Bonhams & Butterfields For $420,000. 2021-10-29. Antiques And The Arts Weekly. en-US.
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  38. Web site: Million-$-dino sold at auction in France. 2021-10-30. News24. en-US.
  39. Web site: 2018-06-06. The tale of Creatures Past helping to save Creatures Present. 2021-10-31. Signé Magazine. en-US.
  40. Web site: Lot n° 28 USA Rare and spectacular complete skeleton of dinosaur Allosaurus (Marsh -1877), U.S.A Morrison-Formation, Upper Jurassic. 2021-11-01. www.gazette-drouot.com. en.
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  44. News: Samuel. Henry. 2018-04-12. Two 'trendy' dinosaurs sold to same bidder for almost €3 million in Paris. en-GB. The Telegraph. 2021-10-30. 0307-1235.
  45. Web site: Vente aux enchères Kaatedokus Siberi: Diplodocus Epoque: Morrison-Formation,…. 2021-11-01. www.gazette-drouot.com.
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  49. Web site: Cluzeau. Taïna. 2019-10-15. Combien vaut réellement un fossile de dinosaure ?. How much is a dinosaur fossil really worth?. 2021-10-29. National Geographic. fr.
  50. Web site: Piguet Hôtel des Ventes Genève > Vente de septembre 2019 > Lot 338. 2021-10-30. www.piguet.com.
  51. Web site: Dinosaurierskelett in Genf für 225'000 Franken versteigert. 2021-10-30. St.Galler Tagblatt. 25 September 2019 . de.
  52. Web site: 2022-03-23 . Stan the T. rex found! World's most expensive fossil finds home in a new museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20220323142559/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/stan-the-t-rex-found-worlds-most-expensive-fossil-finds-home-in-a-new-museum . dead . March 23, 2022 . 2022-03-25 . National Geographic . en.
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  54. Web site: Rare Allosaurus dinosaur skeleton sells for €3 million at auction. October 14, 2020. euronews.
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  58. Web site: DEINONYCHUS ANTIRRHOPUS . 2022-05-19 . www.christies.com . en.
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