List of Cuba hurricanes explained
Cuba is an island country east of the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. The country has experienced the effects of at least 54 Atlantic hurricanes, or storms that were once tropical or subtropical cyclones, including 37 since 2000. The storms collectively killed 5,613 people, most of them related to a powerful hurricane in 1932.
1800s
- October 10, 1846 - A powerful hurricane, possibly a Category 5, moved across Cuba.[1] The high winds destroyed crops, houses, and nearly every boat in Havana harbor.[2] Dozens to hundreds of people were killed across Cuba.[3]
1900s
- October 14, 1910 - Known locally as the "Cyclone of the Five Days", a hurricane struck western Cuba, executed a small loop, and passed again near the western end of the island five days later. The storm killed at least 100 people, possibly as high as 700, and left more than US$1 million in damage in Havana alone.[4] [5] [6]
- October 19, 1924 - A Category 5 hurricane struck extreme western Cuba.[7]
- October 20, 1926 - A Category 4 hurricane crossed western Cuba, killing 600 people.
- November 9, 1932 - A Category 4 hurricane hit Camagüey Province and moved northeastward across the island. The hurricane washed away much of the town of Santa Cruz del Sur from its 6.51NaN1 storm surge. Across Cuba, the storm killed 3,033 people and left US$40 million in damage.[8]
- September 1, 1933 - A hurricane brushed the northern coast of Cuba while moving westward, producing flooding and damaging winds. The storm damaged ships and houses,[9] leaving about 100,000 people homeless.[10] Damage was estimated at US$11 million, and there were about 70 deaths in the country.
- October 4, 1933 - A hurricane crossed western Cuba in the midst of political upheaval, and four people were killed by soldiers for suspect of looting.[11] [12]
- September 28, 1935 - A hurricane crossed central Cuba, killing 35 people and leaving US$12 million in damage.[13]
- October 22, 1935 - A hurricane struck southeastern Cuba and later drifted back southwestward over the Caribbean. The storm killed four people.[14]
- October 18, 1944 - A hurricane struck the western tip of Cuba, producing a wind gust of 163mph in Havana.[15] Seven people died across Cuba from the storm.[16]
- October 22, 1950 - Hurricane King crossed the eastern portion of the island. The hurricane killed seven people and caused $2 million (1950 USD) in damage throughout the country.
- October 24, 1952 - Hurricane Fox crossed central Cuba, killing 600 people and leaving US$10 million in damage.[17]
- October 4, 1963 - Hurricane Flora made landfall in southeastern Cuba, and over the next four days drifted across the country. Santiago de Cuba recorded 100.39inches of rainfall from Flora, which is the highest rainfall total measured on Cuba from any rainfall event on record. Flora killed 1,750 people and left US$300 million in damage.[18]
- August 26, 1964 - Hurricane Cleo crossed eastern Cuba, causing one fatality and US$2 million in damage.[19]
- June 8, 1966 - Hurricane Alma crossed Isla de la Juventud and later mainland Cuba. Alma killed 12 people and left US$200 million in damage.[20] [21]
- June 3, 1982 - Hurricane Alberto strengthened off Cuba's northwest coast, dropping torrential rainfall on the island that peaked at 39.84 inches (1012 mm).[22] The floods damaged 8,745 houses and downed about 250,000 banana trees.[23] [24] Alberto killed 24 people and left US$85 million in damage.[25]
- September 23, 1998 - Hurricane Georges struck southeastern Cuba and proceeded to move across much of the country over the next two days. Georges dropped torrential rainfall, reaching 24.41 inches (620 mm) in Limonar in Guantánamo Province. The hurricane killed six people and left US$305.8 million in damage.[26] [27]
2000s
2000s
- November 4, 2001 – Hurricane Michelle made landfall on Cayo Largo del Sur as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h); this was followed shortly after with a landfall on the Bay of Pigs five hours later with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h). This was the strongest Cuban landfall since Fox in 1952. Michelle destroyed about 10,000 homes and killed five people in Cuba.[33] Damage in the country totaled US$2 billion.[34]
- September 20, 2002 – Hurricane Isidore struck Cabo France in western Cuba. The hurricane dropped heavy rainfall, reaching 21.7inches at Isabel Rubio in western Cuba.[35]
- October 1, 2002 – Hurricane Lili struck the Isle of Youth and near Pinar del Río as a Category 2 hurricane. Lili damaged about 48,000 houses, and killed one person.[36] Damage from Isidore and Lili totaled US$800 million.[37]
- October 16, 2002 - Tropical Depression Fourteen moved ashore near Cienfuegos, and was absorbed by a cold front while moving across the island. The depression dropped heavy rainfall across Cuba.[38]
- August 13, 2004 - Hurricane Charley made landfall in western Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane, and weakened while moving northward across the island. Playa Cajio, near where the storm moved ashore, recorded a 13.1feet storm surge. Wind gusts at Playa Baracoa reached 150 mph (241 km/h).[39] At least 70,290 homes and about 3,000 agricultural buildings were either damaged or destroyed. Roughly 95% of sugar cane, bean, and banana crops were ruined. There were four deaths and US$923 million in damage.[40]
- September 14, 2004 - Hurricane Ivan passed through the Yucatán Channel about 17 miles (28 km) southwest of Cabo San Antonio, where a station reported wind gusts of 120 mph (192 km/h). Rainfall in Cuba reached 13.33inches at Isabel Rubio.[41] Ivan left heavy housing and agriculture damage in western Cuba, with monetary damage estimated at US$1.2 billion.[42]
- June 10, 2005 - Tropical Storm Arlene crossed western Cuba, forcing school closures and bringing beneficial rainfall.[43] [44]
- July 8, 2005 - Hurricane Dennis made two landfalls on Cuba as a Category 4 hurricane, in Granma and Matanzas provinces. Cape Cruz recorded wind gusts of 148 mph (239 km/h), although stronger winds could have occurred there. Dennis killed 16 people in Cuba, and left US$1.4 billion in damage. Rainfall on the island reached 1092mm, resulting in 35,000 landslides across the country. The hurricane damaged agriculture, tourist areas, and electrical infrastructure.[45] [46] [47]
- August 29, 2005 - Hurricane Katrina emerged from Florida into the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Its large circulation brought tropical storm force winds to western Cuba, along with over 8 in (200 mm) of rainfall, causing scattered power outages.[48]
- September 20, 2005 - Hurricane Rita moved through the Straits of Florida while remaining north of Cuba. The hurricane inundated parts of Havana, leaving around 400,000 people without power.[49]
- October 23, 2005 - Hurricane Wilma passed northwest of western Cuba while moving northeastward toward Florida. The hurricane produced wind gusts of 84 mph (135 km/h), along with a significant storm surge. Wilma left US$704 million in damage, which included flooding damage in Havana, as well as more than 7,000 destroyed houses.[50] [47]
- June 10, 2006 - Tropical Storm Alberto formed west of the western tip of Cuba. Its large circulation dropped heavy rainfall in Cuba, reaching 17.52 inches (445 mm) in Pinar del Río province. The storm damaged about 50 houses across the country.[51] [52]
- August 6, 2006 - The circulation of former Tropical Storm Chris dissipated near Havana, bringing heavy rainfall to parts of the country.[53] [54]
- August 28, 2006 - Tropical Storm Ernesto moved across eastern Cuba, dropping 7.46inches of rainfall in Nuevitas. There were scattered power outages across the region.[55] [56]
- June 1, 2007 - Tropical Storm Barry formed off the western tip of Cuba. The storm dropped 12.0 inches (305 mm) of rainfall in Sancti Spíritus Province,[57] causing flooding; the storm also spawned four tornadoes.[58]
- August 18, 2007 - Officials evacuated residents in southeastern Cuba ahead of Hurricane Dean, although the hurricane ended up passing to the south of the country.[59] [60]
- October 30, 2007 - Tropical Storm Noel drifted across eastern Cuba. The storm dropped more than 12.2inches of rainfall, producing the worst flooding in the country since Hurricane Flora. Noel damaged or destroyed 22,000 homes, and also damaged coffee plantations, infrastructure, roads, and power lines. Damage was estimated at US$500 million, and one person died in the country due to the flooding.[61]
- August 17, 2008 - Tropical Storm Fay struck Granma Province, and a day later moved across central Cuba. The storm dropped 18.27inches of rainfall in Agabama.[62] The storm flooded low-lying areas in the southern portion of the country.[63]
- August 30, 2008 - Hurricane Gustav made landfall first on Isla de la Juventud, and later that day in Pinar del Río Province, both as a Category 4 hurricane. In the latter province, Gustav produced sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), as well as a wind gust of 212 mph (340 km/h); this marked the highest recorded surface wind gust in the northern hemisphere and western hemisphere related to a tropical cyclone.[64] [65] Gustav also dropped heavy rainfall, reaching 11.7 in (297 mm). The hurricane left US$2.097 billion in damage in the country, including losses to power lines, houses, health facilities, and banana plantations.[63]
- September 2, 2008 - High waves from Hurricane Hanna flooded coastal areas of eastern Cuba.[63]
- September 8, 2008 - Hurricane Ike made landfall as a Category 4 in Holguín province, the strongest landfall there since 1799. A day later, Ike made a second landfall in western Cuba, after brushing the country's southern coast. Ike killed seven people throughout Cuba, and imparted US$7.325 billion in damage. High waters flooded coastal areas up to 400m (1,300feet) inland where Ike first moved ashore. The storm wrecked 1638km (1,018miles) of roads. Ike affected nearly the entire country, causing widespread damage to power lines, health facilities, radio towers, and agriculture.[63] [66]
- November 9, 2008 - Hurricane Paloma made landfall as a Category 2 near Santa Cruz del Sur in Camagüey, and subsequently drifted across the country. Wind gusts reached 121 mph (194 km/h) in Santa Cruz del Sur. Damage was estimated at US$300 million.[67] [63] About 8,600 houses were damaged.[68]
- November 8, 2009 - Hurricane Ida passed between Cuba and the Yucatán peninsula. The eastern periphery of the hurricane moved across Cuba, dropping heavy rainfall reaching 12.5inches in Manuel Lazo.[69]
2010s
- September 29, 2010 - Tropical Storm Nicole lost its circulation over Cuba. The large, asymmetric storm dropped of rainfall at Cape Cruz.[70] Flooding blocked roads and killed livestock.[71]
- October 14, 2010 - Tropical Storm Paula turned sharply eastward in the Gulf of Mexico and struck the northern coast of Pinar del Río Province, producing wind gusts of 68mph.[72] Paula caused minor flooding and downed a few trees.[73]
- November 5, 2010 - Hurricane Tomas passed between Haiti and Cuba, bringing gusty winds to eastern Cuba.[74] [75]
- August 5, 2011 - The remnants of Tropical Storm Emily moved across eastern Cuba before regenerating in The Bahamas.[76]
- August 24, 2011 - High surf and the outer rainbands of Hurricane Irene affected eastern Cuba while the hurricane was moving through the Bahamas.[77] [78]
- August 25, 2012 - Tropical Storm Isaac struck eastern Cuba near Guantánamo, and proceeded to move along much of the country's northern coast. Rainfall in the country reached 14.01inches in San Antonio del Sur. The storm flooded dozens of houses, damaged crops, and knocked down power lines.[79]
- October 25, 2012 - Hurricane Sandy made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), and weakened while moving northward across the island. Sandy killed 11 people and left US$2 billion in damage across Cuba, with 226,000 homes damaged and another 17,000 destroyed. Most of the damage was near where the storm moved ashore.[80]
- August 11, 2013 - The remnants of Tropical Storm Chantal crossed eastern Cuba.[81]
- October 1, 2015 - Hurricane Joaquin stalled over the Bahamas as a Category 4 hurricane.[82] The storm caused coastal flooding and damage to roofs in Cuba's Granma Province.[83]
- August 28, 2016 - A tropical depression formed in the Straits of Florida, which would eventually become Hurricane Hermine. Candelaria in western Cuba recorded 310.8abbr=onNaNabbr=on from the system.[84] [85]
- October 5, 2016 - Hurricane Matthew made landfall in eastern Cuba near the Maisí with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), and gusts to 152mph.[86] Damages in Cuba amounted to US$2.58 billion, most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province.[87] Nearly two months after the storm, a storm-damaged bridge in Moa collapsed, killing four workers that were undertaking repairs.[88]
- September 9, 2017 - Hurricane Irma made landfall near Cayo Romano along Cuba's northern coast with winds of 165 mph (270 km/h). This made Irma the first Category 5 hurricane to strike Cuba since 1924. The hurricane weakened to a Category 2 while it moved along the country's northern coast. Rainfall on the island reached 23.9inches at Topes de Collantes. The storm also lashed Cuba with waves over 26feet in height, and the storm surge penetrated as far as 1.2miles inland in some areas of Villa Clara Province.[89] Irma damaged 158,554 homes, of which 14,657 were destroyed.[90] Throughout the country, the hurricane inflicted $13.185 billion in damage and killed 10 people, making Irma the costliest tropical cyclone in Cuban history.[91] [92]
- October 28, 2017 - Tropical Storm Philippe moved ashore western Cuba and dissipated, bringing locally heavy rainfall.[93]
- May 26, 2018 - Subtropical Storm Alberto bypassed western Cuba while moving into the Gulf of Mexico. The storm's rainfall reached 14.41inches in Villa Clara Province, causing flooding and landslides across central and western Cuba that killed 10 people.[94]
- October 8, 2018 - Hurricane Michael brushed the western tip of Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane while entering the Gulf of Mexico. Rainfall reached 11.45inches in Pinar del Rio, which caused flooding and damage to crops.[95]
2020s
- August 23–24, 2020 - Hurricane Laura, as a tropical storm, moved across the length of Cuba; almost 16inches of rain fell in the country.[96]
- November 8–9, 2020 - Hurricane Eta, as a tropical storm, made landfall on Sancti Spíritus Province at 09:00 UTC. Coastal zones in Cuba were flooded and about 25,000 people were forced to evacuate. There were no casualties.[97]
- August 27, 2021 - Hurricane Ida made two landfalls in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane, numerous palm trees were downed in Isla de la Juventud, and the storm brought in strong winds. There were no casualties, but caused an estimated $100 million (2021 USD) dollars in damages.[98]
- September 27, 2022 - Hurricane Ian makes landfall in the Pinar del Rio Province as a strong Category 3 hurricane at 08:30 UTC. 5 people were killed and over 100,000 homes were damaged. Ian caused the entire power grid of Cuba to be knocked down the next day.[99] [100] [101]
- August 28-29, 2023 - Hurricane Idalia brushes past extreme western Cuba as a strong tropical storm. But is upgraded to a Category 1 Hurricane as it left the area. Idalia brought some minor to moderate flooding to western Cuba as well as some sustained tropical storm force wind.
Deadly storms
The following is a list of Atlantic tropical storms that caused fatalities in Cuba.
Name | Year | Number of deaths |
---|
Santa Cruz del Sur | 1932 | 3,033 |
| 1963 | 1,750 |
| 1952 | 600 |
| 1933 | 70 |
| 1935 | 35 |
| 1982 | 24 |
| 2005 | 16 |
| 1966 | 12 |
| 2012 | 11 |
| 2017 | 10 |
| 2018 | 10 |
| 1944 | 7 |
| 1950 | 7 |
| 2008 | 7 |
| 1998 | 6 |
| 2022 | 5 |
| 1935 | 4 |
| 2004 | 4 |
| 2016 | 4 |
| 1964 | 1 |
| 2001 | 1 |
| 2002 | 1 | |
See also
Notes and References
- Landsea, Christopher W.. Feuer, Steve. Hagen, Andrew. Glenn, David A.. Sims, Jamese. Perez, Ramon. Chenoweth, Michael. Anderson, Nicholas. A Reanalysis of the 1921–30 Atlantic Hurricane Database. Journal of Climate. 2012. 25. 3. 865–885. 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00026.1. 2012JCli...25..865L.
- Book: Schwartz, Rick. Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States. 2007. Blue Diamond Books. Alexandria, Virginia. 978-0-9786280-0-0.
- Book: Tannehill, Ivan Ray. Hurricanes: their nature and history. 1938. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.
- Book: Longshore, David . 109. Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones . 2008 . Checkmark Books . 978-0-8160-7409-9.
- Web site: Cuba Hurricanes Historic Threats: Chronicle of hurricanes in Cuba . Cuba Hurricanes . December 24, 2009.
- News: Cyclone Works Havoc in Cuba . The New York Times . October 18, 1910 . 1 . 1 February 2010 .
- Web site: Steve Feuer . Ramon Perez Suarez . Ricardo Prieto . Jorge Sanchez-Sesma . March 2009. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division. 2009-03-21.
- Web site: Christopher Landsea. 2003. Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean. NOAA. 2007-10-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20071026123732/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf. October 26, 2007 . live. etal.
- News: The Palm Beach Post. 1933-09-02. Death, Damage Left in Wake of Hurricane in Cuba. Associated Press. 2012-06-11.
- News: Australian Press Association. 1933-09-05. 100 Dead, Cuba Hurricane. The Courier-Mail. 2012-06-10.
- News: Associated Press. 1933-10-04. Gale Halts Cuba Riots. The Calgary Daily Herald. 2013-10-04.
- News: 1933-10-05. Four Killed in Havana During Storm Looting. Lewiston Evening Journal. 2013-10-04.
- West Indian Hurricane, September 23 To October 2, 1935. Monthly Weather Review. September 1, 1935. 63. 9. 271–272. 10.1175/1520-0493(1935)63<271:WIHSTO>2.0.CO;2. May 9, 2013. McDonald, W.F.. American Meteorological Society. Washington, D.C.. 1935MWRv...63..271M . free.
- News: Associated Press. Cuba Clearing Storm Debris. October 23, 1935. The Racine Journal-Times. June 15, 2014.
- Book: Barnes . Jay . Florida's hurricane history . https://archive.org/details/floridashurrican00barn . registration . May 2007 . . 9780807858097 . 164 . 2nd . Hurricanes in the Sunshine State, 1900–1949. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .
- Book: Jiménez . Antonio Núñez . El Archipiélago Cubano . 2014 . Fundación de la Naturaleza y el Hombre . Havana, Cuba . 9789592300019 . 3rd . June 30, 2019 . es . Huracanes Notables en Cuba.
- Web site: The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996. National Hurricane Center. 3 December 2017.
- Dunn, Gordon E . Moore, Paul L . Clark Gilbert B . Monthly Weather Review . Frank, Neil L . Hill, Elbert C . Kraft, Raymond H . Sugg, Arnold L . The Hurricane Season of 1963 . 1964 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130224/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/092/mwr-092-03-0128.pdf . May 13, 2012 . 10.1175/1520-0493-92.3.128 . 0027-0644 . 136 . 92 . 3 . February 5, 2012 . live . American Meteorological Society . 2024-03-27 . 1964MWRv...92..128D . mdy . free .
- United States Weather Bureau . 1964 . June 9, 2014 . Hurricane Cleo August 20 – September 4, 1964 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111031231814/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/noaa_documents/NOAA_historic_documents/WB/Hurricane_Cleo.pdf . October 31, 2011 .
- News: Associated Press. 45 Dead in Hurricane Wake. 1966-06-09. Spokane Daily Chronicle. 2012-02-22.
- Arnold L. Sugg. March 1967. The Hurricane Season of 1966. Monthly Weather Review. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 95. 3. 131, 133, 135–6. 2012-02-10. 10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0131:thso>2.3.co;2. 1967MWRv...95..131S .
- Web site: Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos . 2003 . Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas . es . 2007-02-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723032757/http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm . 2011-07-23 .
- News: 1982-06-05. Associated Press. News Report on Hurricane Alberto (2).
- News: United Press International. 1982-06-06. News Report on Hurricane Alberto.
- Web site: EM-DAT: the International Disaster Database . 2007 . Disaster List for Cuba . Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters . 2007-03-08 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070513082359/http://www.em-dat.net/index.htm . 2007-05-13 .
- Web site: John L. Guiney. National Hurricane Center. January 5, 1999. April 20, 2009. Hurricane Georges Tropical Cyclone Report.
- Web site: International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies. ReliefWeb. March 22, 1999. July 27, 2009. Caribbean — Hurricane Georges Situation Report No. 3.
- Richard J. Pasch. December 8, 2000. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Debby, 19 - 24 August 2000. April 23, 2013. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida.
- Características individuales de los ciclones ropicales del 2000 . Instituto de Meteorologia de la República de Cuba . April 23, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080415230507/http://www.met.inf.cu/sometcuba/Boletin/v07_n01/temp_03.htm . April 15, 2008 .
- Hurricane Gordon Tropical Cyclone Report. Stacy R. Stewart. May 14, 2001. National Hurricane Center. January 1, 2013.
- News: Florida on Emergency Alert as Hurricane Gordon Nears. Associated Press. September 17, 2000. Los Angeles Times. January 1, 2013.
- Web site: Tropical Storm Helene Tropical Cyclone Report. Eric S. Blake. Lixion A. Avila. October 17, 2000. National Hurricane Center. April 2, 2012.
- Hurricane Michelle. Tropical Cyclone Report. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. 20 June 2013. Beven, Jack. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. January 23, 2002.
- Pielke, Roger A. Rubiera, Jose. Landsea, Christopher. Fernández, Mario L. Klein, Roberta. Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials. Natural Hazards Review. August 1, 2003. 4. 3. 101–114. 10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(101). November 28, 2012. 1527-6988. October 21, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131021144052/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf . dead .
- [Lixion Avila]
- Web site: International Federation of the Red Cross. Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Isidore — September 2002, Caribbean: Hurricane Lili Information Bulletin No. 03/02. Relief Web. 2002. 2008-04-06.
- Book: Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean. 9789211213812. Nations. United. 2002. United Nations Publications .
- https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL142002_Fourteen.pdf
- Web site: National Hurricane Center. 2004. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL032004_Charley}} Hurricane Charley Tropical Cyclone Report]. May 22, 2015.
- William A. Messina, Jr.. 2004. An Assessment of Hurricane Charley's Impact on Cuba. University of Florida. July 10, 2014. Gainesville, Florida.
- Web site: Stacy Stewart. 2004. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL092004_Ivan}} Hurricane Ivan Tropical Cyclone Report]. National Hurricane Center. May 22, 2015.
- Web site: Twenty-seventh Session, RA IV Hurricane Committee: Final Report . World Meteorological Organization . 2005 . April 27, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071025090442/http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TCP_vO/Final%20HC%2027%20Report-English.pdf . October 25, 2007 . dead . mdy-all . World Meteorological Organization .
- Web site: National Hurricane Center. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL012005_Arlene}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Arlene]. NOAA. May 9, 2006. PDF.
- Web site: Bill Kaczor. Associated Press. June 10, 2005. May 21, 2009. Tropical Storm Arlene soaks Cuba, gains strength as it moves toward Deep South. https://web.archive.org/web/20121025155451/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-109840823.html. dead. October 25, 2012.
- Jack L. Beven. National Hurricane Center. September 9, 2014. November 22, 2015. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL042005_Dennis}} Hurricane Dennis]. Tropical Cyclone Report. PDF. Miami, Florida.
- Web site: Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos . 2003 . Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas . es . February 10, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723032757/http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm . July 23, 2011 .
- Book: Los Efectos De Los Desastres En 2004 Y 2005: La Necesidad De Adaptacion De Largo Plazo. 20. 2006. United Nations Publications.
- Staff Writer. "Flooding and power outages as 'Katrina' batters western Cuba."
- Web site: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. September 22, 2005. April 19, 2009 . Hurricane Rita - Cuba/Gulf of Mexico: OCHA Situation Report No. 1.
- Web site: Richard J. Pasch . Eric S. Blake . Hugh D. Cobb III . David P. Roberts . [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL252005_Wilma}} Hurricane Wilma Tropical Cyclone Report]. January 12, 2006. National Hurricane Center. May 7, 2010.
- Web site: Lixion Avila & Daniel Brown. 2006. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL012006_Alberto}} Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report]. National Hurricane Center. 2007-05-10. PDF.
- News: Dalia Acosta. 2006-06-15. Tempestade tropical Alberto causa estragos; Cuba: Os estragos causados por Alberto. Inter Press Service. pt.
- Web site: Stacy Stewart. 2006. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL042006_Chris}} Tropical Storm Chris Tropical Cyclone Report]. 2006-12-12. National Hurricane Center.
- News: Tropical storm Chris wreaks havoc before downgrading. 2006-08-06. Zee News. 2006-08-25. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000403/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=313893&ssid=26&sid=ENV. 2007-09-28.
- Web site: Richard Knabb . Michelle Mainelli . 2006-12-15. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL062006_Ernesto}} Hurricane Ernesto Tropical Cyclone Report]. National Hurricane Center. 2007-05-25. PDF.
- News: Nancy . San Martin . Mountains buffer Cuba from big blow . Miami Herald . 2006-08-29 . 2006-09-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165328/http://master.redorbit.com/news/international/635893/mountains_buffer_cuba_from_big_blow/index.html . 2011-07-15 . dead .
- Lixion Avila. June 22, 2007. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL022007_Barry}} Tropical Storm Barry Tropical Cyclone Report]. National Hurricane Center. February 20, 2020. PDF.
- Web site: . June 2, 2007 . La tormenta tropical "Barry" baña con sus lluvias a Cuba . Cuba Debate . es . February 20, 2020 . https://archive.today/20130210070644/http://archivo.cubadebate.cu/index.php?tpl=design/noticias.tpl.html&newsid_obj_id=9291 . dead . February 10, 2013 .
- Web site: Cuba: Inician evacuación en Las Tunas ante amenaza de huracán Dean. es. Government of Cuba. ReliefWeb. February 20, 2020. August 18, 2007.
- Web site: [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL042007_Dean}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dean]. February 20, 2020. February 19, 2008. National Hurricane Center. James Franklin. PDF.
- [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL162007_Noel}} Hurricane Noel Tropical Cyclone Report]. National Hurricane Center . Daniel Brown . PDF . 4 . February 29, 2008 . February 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20221014163911/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162007_Noel.pdf. October 14, 2022. live .
- Web site: Stewart/Beven. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL062008_Fay}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Fay]. 2009-02-08. National Hurricane Center. 2009-02-09.
- Informe Sobre la Temporada de Huracanes del 2008 en Cuba. es. World Meteorological Organization. February 20, 2020. 2009.
- Web site: [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL072008_Gustav}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gustav]. National Hurricane Center. February 20, 2020. September 15, 2009.
- Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal. 2012. 62. January 13, 2016. Documentation and verification of the world extreme wind gust record: 113.3 m s–1 on Barrow Island, Australia, during passage of tropical cyclone Olivia. J. Courtney. 62. 1–9. 10.22499/2.6201.001. etal. free.
- [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL092008_Ike}} Hurricane Ike: November 5 - 9, 2008]. Berg, Robbie. Tropical Cyclone Report. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 30, 2016. March 18, 2014. National Hurricane Center.
- Michael J. Brennan. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 14, 2009. May 15, 2015. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL172008_Paloma}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Paloma]. PDF. Miami, Florida.
- Web site: Cuban Red Cross. Red Cross and Red Crescent. November 12, 2008. March 17, 2009. Cuba: Hurricane Paloma.
- Web site: Avila, Lixion A.. Cangialosi, John . National Hurricane Center. January 14, 2010. January 15, 2010. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL112009_Ida}} Hurricane Ida Tropical Cyclone Report]. PDF.
- [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL162010_Nicole}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Nicole]. National Hurricane Center. 2011-01-31. 2011-06-17. Blake. Eric. 1–4.
- News: Lluvias causan daños en cultivos y viviendas. Agencia EFE. El Nuevo Herald. 2010-10-02. 2015-09-27. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112352/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/ultimas-noticias/article2009039.html. 2016-03-04. live.
- Web site: [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL182010_Paula}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Paula]. Robbie J. Berg. December 20, 2010. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 6, 2013.
- News: Associated Press . CBS News . October 15, 2010 . October 15, 2010 . Cuba's Capital Cleans Up From Tropical Storm Paula . dead . https://archive.today/20101015164921/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/10/15/ap/world/main6961584.shtml . October 15, 2010 .
- [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL212010_Tomas}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Tomas]. Richard J.. Pasch. Todd B.. Kimberlain. National Hurricane Center. March 7, 2011. October 17, 2015.
- Web site: Termina hoy la activa Temporada Ciclónica del 2010. es. Dr. José Rubiera. November 30, 2010. February 24, 2020. Cuba Debate.
- PDF. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL052011_Emily}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Emily]. Todd B. Kimberlain. John P. Cangialosi. National Hurricane Center. January 13, 2012. February 16, 2015. 1, 2, 5.
- Web site: Irene Does not Leave much Rain in Holguin. González. Rubicel. August 25, 2011. ahora.cu. August 26, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110828152001/http://www.ahora.cu/english/sections/holguin/4833-irene-does-not-leave-much-rain-in-holguin.html. August 28, 2011. dead. mdy-all.
- Web site: Huracán Irene causa daños en Baracoa, Cuba. August 24, 2011. August 27, 2011. The Miami Herald. The McClatchy Company. El Nuevo Herald. es. El Nuevo Herald.
- [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL092012_Isaac}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isaac]. National Hurricane Center. Robbie R. Berg. January 28, 2013. January 30, 2013. PDF. 1–2, 7–10, and 18. Miami, Florida.
- Blake, Eric S. Kimberlain, Todd B. Berg, Robert J. Cangialosi, John P. Beven II, John L. February 12, 2013. Tropical Cyclone Report. PDF. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL182012_Sandy}} Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012]. February 17, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20240525155401/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf. United States National Hurricane Center. May 25, 2024.
- Todd Kimberlain. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL032013_Chantal}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Chantal]. National Hurricane Center. October 8, 2013. April 9, 2014. Miami, FL.
- [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL112015_Joaquin}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Joaquin 2015]. Robbie Berg. January 12, 2016. May 17, 2017. United States National Hurricane Center. PDF.
- News: es. October 2, 2015. CubaNet. Pronóstico de lluvias por huracán Joaquín moviliza a los cubanos. October 2, 2015.
- Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hermine. National Hurricane Center. January 30, 2017. Robbie J. Berg. February 1, 2017.
- News: Alertan de inundaciones repentinas en Cuba por intensas lluvias. es. Marti Noticas. August 30, 2016. August 31, 2016.
- [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL142016_Matthew}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Matthew]. Stewart, Stacy R. April 3, 2017. April 5, 2017. United States National Hurricane Center. PDF.
- Web site: Hurricane Matthew in Cuba causes over 2.5 bln USD in damage. CubaSi. Xinhua. 1 November 2016. 3 November 2016.
- News: Bridge damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapses in Cuba, killing 4 . November 23, 2016 . . November 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161124093446/http://bnonews.com/news/index.php/news/id5464 . November 24, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
- John P. Cangialosi. Andrew S. Latto. Robbie J. Berg. National Hurricane Center. March 9, 2018. March 12, 2018. Hurricane Irma (AL112017). Tropical Cyclone Report.
- United Nations. ReliefWeb. December 15, 2017. January 26, 2019. Cuba: Hurricane Irma - Three Month Report.
- News: Mimi Whitefield. Nora Gámez Torres. Miami Herald. September 11, 2017. September 12, 2017. Hurricane Irma claims 10 lives in Cuba.
- News: Raúl Castro cifra los daños del huracán Irma a Cuba en 13.185 millones de dólares. Agencia EFE. es. December 22, 2017. May 20, 2019.
- Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Philippe. Lixion A. Avila. November 28, 2017. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. February 2, 2018.
- Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report. Robbie Berg. National Hurricane Center. October 18, 2018. October 18, 2018.
- Web site: John L. Beven II, Robbie Berg, and Andrew Hagan. April 19, 2019. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL142018_Michael}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael]. 2019-04-19. NOAA. PDF . National Hurricane Center.
- News: es. Leyanis Infante Curbelo, Loraine Bosch Taquechel, and Liudmila Peña Herrera. Jueventud Rebelde. August 24, 2020. August 24, 2020. Laura se acerca al occidente de Cuba este 24 de agosto: ¿Cuáles son las últimas noticias? (+ Fotos y Videos).
- News: Hylton . Richard Tribou, Garfield . Tropical Storm Eta moves away from Florida, but expected to shift and head back by weekend . 9 November 2020 . orlandosentinel.com . November 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201115140428/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/weather/hurricane/os-ne-tropical-storm-iota-update-20201114-t2eqircgjzc4di7sbdvype7hdu-story.html . live .
- http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20210009_analytics-if-august-global-recap.pdf
- Web site: Hurricane IAN . 2022-10-29 . www.nhc.noaa.gov.
- Web site: Welle . Por: Deutsche . 2022-10-03 . Huracán Ian causó estragos en Cuba con cinco muertos y más de 100,000 viviendas destruidas . 2022-10-29 . El Diario NY . es.
- News: Acosta . Camila . Lopez . Oscar . 2022-09-27 . Cuba's power grid fails in wake of Hurricane Ian, leaving island without electricity. . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-10-29 . 0362-4331.