Traffic law in the Philippines explained

Traffic law in the Philippines consists of multiple laws that govern the regulation and management of road transportation and the conduct of road users within the country.

The official and latest traffic code of the Philippines is Republic Act No. 4136, also known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic Code", which was enacted into law on June 20, 1964.

Applicable laws

The following table lists all Philippine laws applicable to the governance of road transportation and road users across the Philippines or in specific major areas within the country.

Designationdata-sort-type="date" Date passedTitleStatusScope
+ List of national traffic laws
Act No. 3045March 10, 1922Motor Vehicle LawEstablishes a law regulating motor vehicle traffic and requiring the registration of motor vehicles and licensing of motor vehicle drivers.[1]
Act No. 3992December 3, 1932Revised Motor Vehicle LawRevises provisions in Act No. 3045. Some of these changes include changes to definitions, penalties, and speed limits. [2]
RA 2000June 22, 1957Limited Access Highway ActAuthorizes the construction of limited-access highways and defines traffic laws applicable to users of limited-access highways.[3]
RA 4136 June 20, 1964Land Transportation and Traffic CodeNational traffic code. Covers the regulation and licensing of owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar matters of motor vehicles, as well as the traffic laws that apply only to motor vehicles.[4] This act is based on Act No. 3992 and repeals it.
PD 96January 13, 1973Presidential Decree No. 96Prohibits and penalizes the usage of sirens, horns, or other similar gadgets with "exceptionally loud or startling sound" on motor vehicles and restricts such usage to authorized government vehicles.[5]
RA 8750August 5, 1999Seat Belts Use Act of 1999Mandates the inclusion of seat belts on private and public motor vehicles, excluding tricycles and motorcycles.[6]
RA 10054July 27, 2009Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009Mandates the wearing of a standard motorcycle helmet for riders and backriders of motorcycles.[7]
RA 10586July 23, 2012Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013Penalizes driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and other substances.[8]
RA 10666July 28, 2014Children's Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015Regulates the backriding of children onboard on public roads with heavy and fast moving traffic.[9]
RA 10913July 27, 2015Anti-Distracted Driving ActDefines and penalizes distracted driving, particularly with electronics such as mobile phones.[10]
RA 10916July 27, 2015Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016Prohibits the registration and operation of any covered motor vehicle without a speed limiter device.[11]
RA 11697April 15, 2022Electric Vehicle Industry Act (EVIDA)Defines policies and responsibilities to create an enabling environment for the development of electric vehicles and micromobility.[12]
Designationdata-sort-type="date" Date passedTitleStatusScope
+ List of department-level traffic issuances and orders
DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 February 19, 1968Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access HighwaysAn administrative order issued by the Department of Public Works and Communications (now the Department of Public Works and Highways), by virtue of RA 2000, defining traffic rules and regulations governing limited-access highways.[13]
DPWH DO No. 123 s. 2001July 18, 2001Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access HighwaysAmends provisions in DPWC AO 1 s. 1968 to allow motorcycles on limited access highways and defines rules and regulations specific to motorcycles on such highways.[14]
LTO AHS 2008-015May 15, 2008Rules and Regulations for the Use and Operation of Motorcycles on HighwaysDefines traffic rules and regulations for motorcycles on roads and highways.[15]
JAO 2014-01June 2, 2014Revised Schedule of Fines and Penalties for Violations of Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing Land TransportationAdditional fines and penalties for the violation of land transportation traffic laws.[16]
JMC 2018-01January 17, 2018Guidelines and Standards for the Classifications of Roads, Setting of Speed Limits Under Republic Act No. 4136, and Collection of Road Crash DataStandardizes speed limits to be based on road classification and empowers local government units to collect road crash data and set local speed limits on local roads.[17]
DOTr DO No. 2020-14August 25, 2020Guidelines and Protocols for Active Transportation and Light Mobility VehiclesEstablishes and prescribes road safety protocols and penalties for motor vehicles, bicycles, and other non-motorized transport on the road.[18]
LTO AO No. 2021-039May 11, 2021Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Motor VehiclesDefines, classifies, and regulates the operation, registration, and related penalties of electric motor vehicles, including electric cars, electric bicycles, and mobility scooters.[19]
LTO AO No. VDM-2024-044February 21, 2024Amended Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric VehiclesAmends and revises sections of LTO AO No. 2021-039 for light electric vehicles.[20]

The following laws are only applicable to the Metro Manila area.

Designationdata-sort-type="date" Date passedTitleStatusScope
+ List of Metro Manila traffic laws
Joint Metro Manila Traffic Circular No. 01February 1, 2023Metro Manila Traffic Code of 2023Regional traffic code for Metro Manila covering unified traffic rules, regulations, ticketing, and penalties.[21]

Since its enactment in 1964, there have been 12 amendments to RA 4136, the latest being in 2017.

Definitions and coverage

Vehicles

Motor vehicles are defined by RA 4136 and the Metro Manila Traffic Code as any vehicle propelled by any power other than human power. Exceptions to this definition include vehicles on railway tracks, motor vehicles such as road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, forklifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes when not on public roads, as well as tractors, trailers, and vehicles with traction engines used exclusively for agriculture. In addition, trailers with any number of wheels propelled or intended to be proplled by a motor vehicle are classified as a separate motor vehicle.

Regulations for the use of bicycles and other non-motorized vehicles are defined by the DOTr in Department Order No. 2020-14.

Motor vehicle classifications

Motor vehicles in the Philippines are classified according to whether they are propelled by diesel, electric, or gasoline powered motor engines, as well as their maximum design speed and vehicle weight. Electric motor vehicles, including electric cars, electric buses, electric trucks, electric motorcycles and scooters, electric bicycles, and other similar vehicles are classified similarly to gasoline and diesel motor vehicles subject to different restrictions.

Land Transportation Office (LTO) Administrative Order No. 2021-039, which was issued on May 11, 2021, classifies these vehicles into different classifications. Some of these classification may regulate the roads that these vehicles are permitted to operate on, the requirement of vehicle registration and need for a driver's license to operate, and the requirement of a motorcycle or bicycle helmet.

These guidelines were revised in 2024 through LTO Administrative Order No. VDM-2024-044, which requires all electric vehicles on public highways to be registered with the LTO, except for those used only on private roads. The revised guidelines also changed the bicycle helmet requirement for some classifications to use motorcycle helmets.

Category! rowspan=2
SpecificationsRestrictions
Road restrictionsDriver's license restrictionsVehicle registration
Category M1
Car, Van, and SUV
All roads including limited-access highways
Category M2
Utility Vehicle and Jeepney
Category M3
Bus and e-Bus
Category N1
Truck
Category N2
Truck
Category N3
Truck
Category O1
Articulated Car
Category O2
Articulated Car
Category O3
Articulated Truck

Roads

All public roads and highways, defined as thoroughfares, boulevards, driveways, avenues, parks, and alleys are covered by RA 4136. This does not include corridors within private property or any institutions.

Republic Act No. 917 or the Philippine Highway Act of 1953 prohibits highways, bridges, or right-of-ways covered by RA 4136 from being obstructed, or from being usurped or converted to private use. The act also prohibits the removal or tampering of road infrastructure such as markers, signs, and other road-side facilities.[34]

RA 4136 also applies to limited-access highways, more commonly known as expressways, alongside additional traffic laws and restrictions provided by Republic Act No. 2000 and DPWC Administrative Order No. 1 series of 1968.

In Metro Manila, the Metro Manila Traffic Code covers all roads and public places within the metro.

Parking

Under RA 4136 and the Metro Manila Traffic Code, a motor vehicle is considered to be parked when it has been stopped on the shoulder or edge of a highway for an "appreciable" period of time. A motor vehicle stopping to unload passengers or cargo is not considered to be parked if the vehicle moves away "without delay".

RA 4136 states that parking a vehicle — by leaving it attended or unattended for an "appreciable" period of time — is prohibited inside an intersection or within 6sp=usNaNsp=us of it, in front of a private driveway, on a pedestrian crossing, within 4sp=usNaNsp=us of a fire hydrant or a driveway of a fire station, and where "no parking" signs are placed.

Parking on any sidewalk, path, or alley not intended for vehicular traffic or parking (such as bicycle lanes) is also prohibited by RA 4136 and DOTr Department Order No. 2020-014.

Standard rules

List of some standard rules of the road for motor vehicles and animal-drawn vehicles, all based on RA 4136:

Speed limits

See main article: article and Speed limits in the Philippines. Speed limits for motor vehicles across the country are defined by RA 4136 based on the type of roads and their conditions. A higher maximum speed limit is generally applied to light motor vehicles while lower maximum speed limits are applied to heavier motor vehicles.

There are no minimum speed limits on public roads except on expressways. However, RA 4136 states that a driver of a motor vehicle must drive at a "careful and prudent speed, not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper" with regards to road conditions.

Pursuant to DILG-DPWH-DOTr Joint Memorandum Circular 2018-001, local government units may designate lower maximum speed limits on local roads in the interest of road safety.

Lane splitting and filtering

See main article: article, Lane splitting and Lane sharing. Lane splitting and lane filtering is not explicitly illegal on Philippine roads for any type of vehicle. However, lane sharing (which is incorrectly defined as "lane splitting") is considered illegal for motorcycles under LTO Administrative Order 2008-015, which states that a motorcycle or scooter must observe one lane per vehicle only. This policy however, is not actively enforced on the road.[35]

Section 3 of DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 prohibits any vehicle from lane splitting, lane sharing, or lane filtering on all expressways in the Philippines. This also applies to motorcycles, as of DPWH Department Order No. 123 s. 2001.[36]

Overtaking lanes and slow lanes

See main article: article and Overtaking. Expressways in the Philippines have a passing lane designated for overtaking and lanes designated for slow-moving vehicles. This however does not apply to public roads by default.

Section 3 of DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 states that slow-moving vehicles must use the right lane and use the left lane only when passing.

Liability in incidents

RA 4136 states that any accident resulting in death or injuries of another person due to negligence or reckless or unreasonable fast driving will be subject to provisions of the Revised Penal Code.

The traffic code also states that in the event of an accident, the driver must stop and show their drivers' license and the details of registration of the vehicle to the other parties involved. No driver of a motor vehicle involved in an accident should leave the scene without aiding any victims except if there is imminent danger of harm, if the incident is reported to law enforcement, or if medical services are called.

The Civil Code of the Philippines also dictates in the following articles that the liability of operating motor vehicles falls primarily on the owner or driver:[37]

In 2004, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in Añonuevo v. Court of Appeals that Article 2185 was not intended at the time of its creation in 1950 to also cover non-motorized vehicles on the road, affirming previous rulings that have affirmed the higher level of responsibility expected from motor vehicle drivers. The ruling also clarifies the principle of negligence per se, which states that to indict individuals for negligence in an incident, the violation of a statutory duty must directly cause the incident.[38]

Pedestrian crossings

RA 4136 states that within commercial or residential areas, drivers of vehicles must yield the right of way to a pedestrians crossing public roads on pedestrian crossings, except when traffic movement is regulated by traffic enforcers. On the other hand, pedestrians must yield their right of way to motor vehicles when crossing a public road at any point other than a pedestrian crossing.

Traffic restrictions

Outside of the traffic code, there are traffic restrictions which designate the time and day that certain vehicles or road users are allowed to operate on, as well as specific roads where these restrictions are enforced or exempted on.

Light electric vehicles

In Metro Manila, LEVs such as electric bicycles (e-bicycles), motorized scooters, and electric rickshaws (e-tricycles) are required to use bicycle lanes when traversing major roads as designated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority in MMDA Regulation 24-002 and its implementing guidelines in MMDA Memorandum Circular No. 4 s. 2024.[39]

RA 11697 provides that light electric vehicles may also use bicycle lanes. All light electric vehicles with a maximum design speed below 60sp=usNaNsp=us are prohibited on roads designated as expressways.

Motorcycles

Motorcycles and mopeds are allowed on most roads with the exception of roads designated as expressways.

Only two-wheeled motorcycles with an engine displacement of 400cc and three-wheeled motorcycles with an engine displacement of 600cc are allowed to be used on expressways.[40]

Some highways, particularly in Metro Manila, have motorcycle lanes where motorcycles are designated to use. However, these lanes are usually not exclusive to motorcycles and allow other road users to use them and require motorcycles to remain in the lane. One exception to this is the motorcycle lane along Commonwealth Avenue where vehicles other than motorcycles may be penalized for unnecessary usage of the motorcycle lane.[41]

Non-motorized transport

See also: Cycling in the Philippines. Non-motorized vehicles include bicycles, kick scooters, and pedicabs, which are allowed on all public roads unless restricted otherwise.

All non-motorized transport are prohibited on roads designated as expressways.

Bicycle lanes are lanes along roads or separate paths designated for the exclusive or shared use of bicycles, non-motorized transport, and light electric vehicles. The generally applied rule is that only personal kick scooters, mobility scooters, bicycles, and pedal-assist bicycles are allowed to use bicycle lanes.

In Metro Manila, alongside LEVs, pedicabs and kuligligs are prohibited from traversing major roads and may only cross said roads as designated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority in MMDA Regulation 24-002 and its implementing guidelines in MMDA Memorandum Circular No. 4 s. 2024.

Some cities and municipalities have local traffic codes require the registration of bicycles and mandate that bicycles are to be ridden only on bicycle lanes when present along a road, such as in San Juan[42] and Mandaluyong.[43] However, the bicycle-specific sections of the majority of these ordinances are not being actively enforced or may have been forgotten.

Public utility vehicles

Public transport vehicles, such as jeepneys, buses, and the UV Express are restricted to use designated lanes on certain roads. A notable example of this is the EDSA Busway, located on the inner lanes of EDSA in Metro Manila, which is restricted for the exclusive use of EDSA Carousel route buses and authorized government vehicles.

Similar to trucks, buses are to use the outermost lanes on the expressway. On the other hand, both public and private jeepneys are classified the same as cars and are allowed on all lanes.

Tricycles, pedicabs, and motorized tricycles used for public transport are prohibited from using national highways based on the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Memorandum Circular No. 2020-036. This restriction does not apply to those being used for private use.[44]

Trucks

See main article: article.

Trucks are prohibited from passing through certain roads due to their large size and concern for safety around trucks. In Metro Manila, a truck ban ordinance prohibits trucks from most roads during the day and designates certain roads that are exempted from the truck ban.[45]

Some highways such as Circumferential Road 5 have designated lanes that trucks must stay in at all times while traversing the road, usually designated on the third lane from the sidewalk.[46] In addition to this, expressways have also designated the outermost lanes as lanes where trucks are only allowed to use.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Motor Vehicle Law. Act. 3992. March 10, 1922. January 25, 2024.
  2. Revised Motor Vehicle Law. Act. 3992. December 3, 1932. January 25, 2024.
  3. Limited Access Highway Act. RA. 2000. June 22, 1957. November 3, 2023. November 3, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103122747/https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1957/ra_2000_1957.html. live.
  4. Land Transportation and Traffic Code. RA. 4136. June 20, 1964. August 30, 2023. August 30, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230830112751/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1964/06/20/republic-act-no-4136/. live.
  5. Presidential Decree No. 96. PD. 96. January 13, 1973. November 1, 2023. November 7, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107204743/https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1973/pd_96_1973.html. live.
  6. Seat Belts Use Act of 1999. RA. 8750. August 5, 1999. September 1, 2023. September 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230901054901/https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1999/ra_8750_1999.html. live.
  7. Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009. RA. 10054. July 27, 2009. September 1, 2023. May 18, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230518142008/https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_10054_2010.html. live.
  8. Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013. RA. 10586. July 23, 2012. September 1, 2023. September 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230901060403/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/27/republic-act-no-10586/. live.
  9. Children's Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015. RA. 10666. July 28, 2014. September 1, 2023. September 13, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230913171214/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/07/21/republic-act-no-10666/. live.
  10. Anti-Distracted Driving Act. RA. 10913. June 20, 1964. September 1, 2023. January 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230101151545/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2016/07jul/20160721-RA-10913-BSA.pdf. live.
  11. Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016. RA. 10916. July 27, 2015. November 1, 2023. November 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231101135942/https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2016/ra_10916_2016.html. live.
  12. An Act Providing For The Development Of The Electric Vehicle Industry. RA. 11697. April 15, 2022.
  13. Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways. AO. Department of Public Works and Communications. 1. February 19, 1968. https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211830/https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/issuances/DO_123_S2001.pdf. August 9, 2017.
  14. Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways. DO. Department of Public Works and Highways. 123. July 18, 2001. November 23, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211830/https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/issuances/DO_123_S2001.pdf. August 9, 2017.
  15. Rules and Regulations for the Use and Operation of Motorcycles on Highways. AO. Land Transportation Office. AHS-2008-015. May 15, 2008. November 3, 2023. November 3, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103111040/https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/10/55941. live.
  16. Revised Schedule of Fines and Penalties for Violation of Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing Land Transportation. JAO. Department of Transportation and Communications. 2014-01. June 2, 2014. August 30, 2023. June 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220630110925/https://lto.gov.ph/images/ISSUANCES/Admin_Order/JAO_2014-01.pdf. live.
  17. Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2018-001: Guidelines and Standards for the Classifications of Roads, Setting of Speed Limits Under Republic Act No. 4136, and Collection of Road Crash Data . JMC . . 2018-01 . January 17, 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210714031352/https://www.imaginelaw.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/JMC-2018-001-Guidelines-and-Standards-on-Speed-Limit-Setting-and-Enforcement.pdf . July 14, 2021 . July 14, 2021.
  18. Guidelines and Protocols for Active Transportation and Light Mobility Vehicles. DO. Department of Transportation. 14. August 25, 2020. November 1, 2023. November 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231101135942/https://www.foi.gov.ph/requests/aglzfmVmb2ktcGhyHgsSB0NvbnRlbnQiEURPVHItNDI3ODQ0Nzc0MDA1DA.pdf. live.
  19. Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Motor Vehicles. AO. Land Transportation Office. 39. May 11, 2021. November 1, 2023. November 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231101135941/https://www.facebook.com/MMDAPH/posts/alamin-land-transportation-authority-lto-administrative-order-no-2021-039-o-cons/331657619131307/. live.
  20. Amended Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Vehicles. AO. Land Transportation Office. VDM-2024-044. February 21, 2024. March 12, 2024.
  21. Web site: Metro Manila Traffic Code of 2023. February 1, 2023. September 1, 2023. November 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231112182538/https://mmda.gov.ph/images/pdf/resolution/2023/METRO-MANILA-TRAFFIC-CODE.pdf. live.
  22. EAn Act Amending Section Thirty-four of Republic Act Numbered Four Thousand One Hundred Thirty-six. RA. 5715. June 21, 1969. November 3, 2023. November 3, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103200856/https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/7685. live.
  23. Extending the Period for Registration of All for Hire Motor Vehicles, Amending for the Purpose Sub-paragraph 1, Paragraph (B), of Section 5, Republic Act Numbered 4136, as Amended. PD. 382. January 28, 1974.
  24. Amending Republic Act No. 4136, as Amended, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code by Increasing the Annual Registration Fee on Private Automobiles and Imposing an Ad Valorem Tax Thereon, and for Other Purposes. PD. 843. December 12, 1975. November 3, 2023. January 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180130060622/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1975/12/12/presidential-decree-no-843-s-1975/. live.
  25. Further Amending Republic Act No. 4136, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. PD. 896. February 26, 1976.
  26. Amending Republic Act No. 4136, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. PD. 1057. November 30, 1976.
  27. An Act Amending Certain Sections Of Republic Act Numbered Forty-one Hundred and Thirty-six, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. BP. 74. June 11, 1980. November 1, 2023. November 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231101143913/https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/19964. live.
  28. An Act Amending Certain Sections of Republic Act Numbered Forty-one Hundred and Thirty-six, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. BP. 398. May 18, 1983. November 3, 2023. November 3, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231103200856/https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/32633. live.
  29. Amending Certain Sections of Republic Act Numbered Forty One Hundred And Thirty Six Otherwise Known As The Land Transportation and Traffic Code. PD. 1934. June 11, 1984. November 3, 2023. August 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180814191706/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1984/06/11/presidential-decree-no-1934-s-1984/. live.
  30. Amending Certain Sections of Presidential Decree No. 1934, Amending Republic Act No. 4136. PD. 1950. September 5, 1984.
  31. Restructuring The Private Motor Vehicle Tax. EO. 43. August 22, 1986.
  32. An Act Imposing A Motor Vehicle User's Charge On Owners Of All Types Of Motor Vehicles And For Other Purposes. RA. 8794. June 27, 2000. November 1, 2023. November 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231101143911/https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2000/ra_8794_2000.html. live.
  33. An Act Rationalizing and Strengthening the Policy Regarding Driver's License by Extending the Validity Period of Drivers' Licenses, and Penalizing Acts in Violation of Its Issuance and Application Amending for Those Purposes Section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, as Amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 398 and Executive Order No. 1011, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code. RA. 10930. July 25, 2017. November 1, 2023. June 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230601180633/https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2017/ra_10930_2017.html. live.
  34. Philippine Highway Act of 1953. RA. 917. June 20, 1953. January 12, 2024. September 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925103802/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1953/06/20/republic-act-no-917/. live.
  35. News: Chao . Gilbert . November 5, 2022 . Caught in the middle: Why do moto riders split lanes and how is it illegal? . AutoFun . November 3, 2023 . November 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103111036/https://www.autofun.ph/news-motorcycles/caught-in-the-middle-why-do-moto-riders-split-lanes-and-how-is-it-illegal-57012 . live .
  36. Web site: Legal basis of "slow-moving vehicle lanes" and "overtaking lanes" on expressways . November 24, 2023 . December 8, 2023 . . en . December 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231203133238/https://www.foi.gov.ph/ . live .
  37. Civil Code of the Philippines. RA. 386. June 18, 1949.
  38. Añonuevo v. Court of Appeals. GR. 130003. October 20, 2004.
  39. Implementing Guidelines for MMDA Regulation No. 24-002. MC. 04. MMDA. March 25, 2024.
  40. Supplemental Rules and Regulations Governing the Use of Limited Access Facilities (Expressways) by Motorcycles. DO. 2021-006. DOTr. February 24, 2021.
  41. News: Tulio . Jason . March 29, 2023 . Report: 1,391 Motorists apprehended on Commonwealth on first day of MC lane policy . . November 3, 2023 . November 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103105550/https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/motorcycle-lane-commonwealth-apprehensions-a958-20230329?ref=article_tag . live .
  42. ORD. 037-04. San Juan Municipal. November 30, 2004. An Ordinance Adopting the New Traffic Code of the Municipality of San Juan, Metro Manila.
  43. ORD. 588-14. Mandaluyong City. December 5, 2014. Omnibus Traffic Management Code of the City of Mandaluyong.
  44. Prohibiting Tricycles, Pedicabs, and Motorized Pedicabs from Operating on National Highways. MC. 2020-036. February 17, 2020. November 3, 2023. July 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220704082949/https://www.dilg.gov.ph/issuances/mc/Prohibiting-Tricycles-Pedicabs-and-Motorized-Pedicabs-from-Operating-on-National-Highways/3155. live.
  45. Web site: June 21, 2022 . Truck Ban Ordinance Updated FAQ (June 8, 2022) . November 3, 2023 . . November 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103105551/https://mmda.gov.ph/home/20-faq/5564-truck-ban-ordinance-updated-faq-june-8-2022.html . live .
  46. Implementing Guidelines of the "Resolution Implementing the One Truck Lane Policy along Circumferential 5, Katipunan Avenue, Congressional Road, Mindanao Avenue, and Road 10 Starting February 1, 2016" under Special Traffic Committee No. 02 series of 2016. MC. 16-01. 2016. November 3, 2023. August 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220807153703/https://mmda.gov.ph/images/pdf/resolution/MEMOCIRCULAR_16-01.pdf. live.