Color-blind casting explained

Color-blind casting is the practice of casting roles without regard to the actor's ethnicity or race.[1] Alternative terms and similar practices include non-traditional casting, integrated casting, or blind casting, which can involve casting without consideration of skin color, body shape, sex or gender. A representative of the Actors' Equity Association has disputed the use of "color blind casting", preferring "non-traditional casting". Non-traditional casting "is defined as the casting of ethnic minority actors in roles where race, ethnicity, or gender is not germane".[2] Race-reversed casting is one form of non-traditional casting.

Examples

ProductionYearDescription
New York Shakespeare Festival1955Joseph Papp started hiring actors of color in his Shakespeare productions.[3]
Tannhäuser1961 Grace Bumbry was cast as Venus in the Wagner opera, becoming the first African-American singer to perform at the Bayreuth Festival.[4]
Batman1967 Eartha Kitt was cast as Catwoman in the third season, taking over the role from the white Julie Newmar.[5]
Night of the Living Dead1968 Duane Jones was cast as Ben, the lead and hero, a role never intended for an African-American.[6]
Never Say Never Again1983While a non-Eon-produced James Bond movie, the character of Felix Leiter was portrayed by a black person for the first time, played by Bernie Casey. The idea was to make the role more memorable.
After the Fall1990 Josette Simon played Maggie at the London National Theatre in 1990. The role is widely supposed to have been based on Arthur Miller's former wife Marilyn Monroe.[7] [8]
The Shawshank Redemption1994 An adaptation of Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. The character Red, described as Irish in the novella, is played by Morgan Freeman.[9]
2000 British-Nigerian actor David Oyelowo played Henry VI of England. Oyelowo was the first black actor to play an English king in a major production of Shakespeare[10] [11] [12] [13]
Grey's Anatomy2005 During the creation of the television series, none of the characters was assigned a race. Color-blind casting was used to choose the best actors for the roles, resulting in an ethnically diverse cast.[14]
Robin Hood2006 Black British actor David Harewood was cast as Friar Tuck, a character traditionally portrayed as white, overweight, and balding, in "Total Eclipse", the first episode of the third series.[15]
Casino Royale2006For the first time in the official James Bond film series (Never Say Never Again was not an Eon-produced entry), the character of Felix Leiter, which had consistently been portrayed as white in the Eon-produced series, was portrayed by black actor Jeffrey Wright. Wright portrays the character again in Quantum of Solace and No Time to Die.
Merlin2008 Several actors of colour appeared as extras or in more minor roles throughout the series, with Angel Coulby and Tomiwa Edun in recurring roles as Guinevere and Elyan respectively. [16]
King Lear2010 Black British actress Pippa Bennett-Warner played Cordelia in the 2010 Donmar Warehouse production of King Lear, starring Derek Jacobi in the title role.[17]
Skyfall2012 The role of Miss Moneypenny, which had previously been cast as white, went to Naomie Harris.[18] She reprised the role in the next James Bond films, Spectre and No Time to Die.
National Anthem John F. Kennedy, who was white, is portrayed by ASAP Rocky in the music video.[19]
Fantastic Four2015 Black actor Michael B. Jordan played Human Torch, who is White in the comics, and was played in the 2005 film of the same name by White actor Chris Evans.
Doctor Strange2016 British-Nigerian actor Chiwetel Ejiofor played Karl Mordo, who is a Transylvanian baron in the comics the film is based on.[20]
Suicide SquadDeadshot, a white man in the comics, is portrayed by Will Smith in this movie.[21]
The Girl with All the GiftsIn the British post-apocalyptic zombie horror drama film, based on a M.R. Carey novel of the same name, black actress Sennia Nanua plays main character of Melanie, who is white in the book.[22]
Dynasty2017 Based on the 1980s series of the same name where both of the lead families are white. In this reboot, the Colby family is portrayed by African-American actors.[23]
RiverdaleBased on the characters and setting of the long-running Archie Comics series, several characters traditionally depicted as white in the comics are portrayed by non-white actors in the series. Most notably, Archie Andrews (the series' lead) is portrayed by KJ Apa, who is of mixed Samoan descent. Veronica Lodge is portrayed by Camila Mendes, who is of Brazilian descent as well as the entire Lodge family has been depicted as being of Latin-American descent in the series.[24] Reggie Mantle is portrayed by Asian-American actors Ross Butler in season 1, and Charles Melton from season 2 onwards, Pop Tate is portrayed by black actor Alvin Sanders and Josie and the Pussycats, a band originally consisting of one black member and two white members in the comics, are converted into an all-black group: Josie and Melody, both previously white, are portrayed by Ashleigh Murray and Hayley Law, respectively.[25]
Tony Revolori, of Guatemalan heritage, plays Flash Thompson, a white character from the comics previously portrayed in Spider-Man and Spider-Man 3 by Joe Manganiello.[26]
Beauty and the BeastGugu Mbatha-Raw plays Plumette, a castle maid who was represented in the 1991 animated film as a white woman.[27] Similarly, Audra McDonald plays Madame de Garderobe, an opera singer who was also white in the animated movie.[28]
The Dark TowerBlack actor Idris Elba plays Roland Deschain, a character who is described in the Dark Tower series as white and is said to have been inspired by white actor Clint Eastwood.[29]
Frozen the MusicalBlack actor Jelani Alladin plays the character Kristoff, a Scandinavian ice harvester.[30]
The role of the bounty hunter Valkyrie, based on the Marvel Comics character commonly depicted as white, is played by biracial actress Tessa Thompson.[31] The role of the Asgardian sentry Heimdall, based on the Marvel Comics character depicted as white (also described in the Scandinavian mythology as "the whitest skinned of all the gods"), was played by Black British actor Idris Elba.[32]
A Series of Unfortunate EventsAfrican-American actor K. Todd Freeman portrayed the character Mr. Poe, who was portrayed by white English actor Timothy Spall in the 2004 film.[33] Indian actor Aasif Mandvi portrayed the character Monty Montgomery who was portrayed by Irish-Scottish actor Billy Connolly in the film. African-American actor Alfre Woodard portrayed the character Aunt Josephine, who was portrayed by white American actress Meryl Streep in the film.[34]
1066: A Year to Conquer EnglandJotham Annan plays Norman Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester.[35]
2018 The BBC/Netflix co-production, which retells the Iliad, depicts Achilles and Zeus as being black, with the respective roles played by David Gyasi and Hakeem Kae-Kazim.[36]
Deadpool 2The character Domino, drawn in comic books as an albino white woman with a dark patch of skin in a diamond surrounding her left eye, is portrayed by African-American/German actress Zazie Beetz;[37] [38] the anomalous skin patch was instead lighter than the rest of her complexion. The film also features Māori actor Julian Dennison as Rusty Collins / Firefist, a white[39] Oklahoma native in the comics, and biracial actor Lewis Tan (of partial Chinese descent) as Shatterstar, an extraterrestrial who in the comics has the appearance of a white human.[40]
Fahrenheit 451The character Guy Montag, who was portrayed by Austrian actor Oskar Werner in the 1966 adaptation, is portrayed by African-American actor Michael B. Jordan. Additionally, the character Clarisse McClellan (portrayed by Julie Christie in the 1966 film) is played by Algerian actress Sofia Boutella.[41]
TitansSenegalese actress Anna Diop plays the superhero Starfire (Princess Koriand'r). An alien who is drawn in comics with orange or golden skin, Starfire has been previously portrayed by white performers and drawn in cartoons with light tan skin, though originally being black-coded.[42] [43] Similarly, the character of Beast Boy is played by Mixed actor Ryan Potter, who is of Japanese descent. This marks the first time in history where a live action superhero team lineup is 50% people of color (the other 50% being Dick Grayson and Rachel Roth, who are portrayed by white Australian actors Brenton Thwaites and Teagan Croft, respectively).
ColetteSaudi actress Aiysha Hart plays the character Polaire. Polaire is a French woman.[44]
Mary Queen of ScotsA British historical drama included Gemma Chan as Elizabeth Hardwick and Adrian Lester as Lord Thomas Randolph.[45]
Les MisérablesBritish-Nigerian actor David Oyelowo plays inspector Javert, who was described as the son of a French man and a Gypsy woman in the original Victor Hugo novel.[46]
Robin HoodJamie Foxx was cast as Little John.[47]
KryptonBlack British actor Colin Salmon was cast as General Zod, who is traditionally portrayed as white.[48]
Mean GirlsKorean-American actress Ashley Park played Gretchen Wieners in the Broadway musical of the same name, who is white in the 2004 film of the same name.[49]
The WitcherYennefer is played by half-Indian actress Anya Chalotra, who was a white brunette in the original, similarly done with Vilgefortz (Mahesh Jadu). White character Fringilla Vigo is played by black actress Mimi Ndiweni; Istredd (Royce Pierreson) and Triss Merigold (Anna Shaffer) are also white in books, yet are played by actors of color. The Zerrikanians Tèa and Vèa, who are blonde in the books and based on Scythian warrior women and Greek stories about Amazons, are also played by black actresses.[50] [51]
The Personal History of David CopperfieldDirector Armando Iannuci described his approach as colour-blind[52] when casting Dev Patel as Charles Dickens' titular character. Patel described the casting as "representative of a modern Britain – the one that I grew up in".[53] Nigerian actress Nikki Amuka-Bird plays Mrs Steerforth and Benedict Wong plays Mr Wickfield.[54] [55]
Artemis Fowl2020 In the novel, the character Butler is described as Eurasian, specifically Russian-Japanese; in the film he is portrayed by British Nigerian Nonso Anozie.[56] [57]
Pakistani-Canadian actor Hamza Haq portrays Syrian doctor Bashir Hamed.[58]
The GreatElle Fanning who stars as Catherine the Great in the series spoke of using color-blind casting from the very beginning to make "people from now to be able to relate to the show" and "have everyone represented".[59] Sacha Dhawan, a British-Indian actor, plays Count Orlo, and Abraham Popoola plays Rostov.[60]
BridgertonThe show, crested by Shonda Rhimes, employs many actors of color in positions of nobility that historically would have been white, most notably Golda Rosheuvel as the queen, Regé-Jean Page as the Duke of Hastings, and Adjoa Andoh as Lady Danbury.[61]
The WitchesBased on the Roald Dahl novel, the main character, a young boy, and his grandmother are black; in the book, they are Anglo-Norwegian.[62]
Mortal Kombat2021Sisi Stringer portrays Mileena, a character who has a pale complexion in the Mortal Kombat games.[63]
Without RemorseMichael B. Jordan plays John Clark, a fictional character in the Tom Clancy media franchise traditionally portrayed white.[64]
Anne BoleynJodie Turner-Smith plays Anne Boleyn.[65]
The Green KnightDev Patel plays Gawain, a fictional character in the King Arthur legend traditionally portrayed white.[66]
CruellaKirby Howell-Baptiste portrays the character Anita Darling, who is white in all previous iterations of 101 Dalmatians.[67]
Jamie Foxx reprises his role as the supervillain Electro, who is white in the comics.[68]
Cowboy BebopThe live-action TV series based on the original 1997 Japanese anime has Mustafa Shakir portraying the character of Jet Black, who is presumed white, and Daniella Pineda, a Mexican-American actor as Faye Valentine, who is Singaporean in the anime.[69]
A film based on the first two games of the Japanese video game series Resident Evil, biracial actor Avan Jogia portrays the characters Leon Kennedy, who is white in the video game series and was portrayed by white actor Johann Urb, in the original film series. Biracial actor Hannah John-Kamen portrays Jill Valentine, who is white in the video game series.[70] [71]
The Electrical Life of Louis WainBritish actor Richard Ayoade, the son of a Nigerian father and a Norwegian mother, plays Henry Wood.[72]
Black actor Naomie Harris plays the character Shriek, who is white in the comics.[73]
The Tragedy of MacbethBlack actors Denzel Washington and Corey Hawkins play Lord Macbeth and Macduff, respectively.[74]
The Irregulars2022 Black actor Royce Pierreson played Doctor John Watson.[75]
The BatmanJeffrey Wright portrays the usually white American Commissioner Gordon and Zoe Kravitz plays Catwoman.[76] [77]
House of the DragonSteve Toussaint was cast in the role of Corlys Velaryon, and Sonoya Mizuno was cast as Mysaria, though both characters are described as white in the source material, Fire & Blood.[78] [79] [80] [81]
Matilda the MusicalLashana Lynch, portrays Miss Honey, who is white in 1988 novel, 1996 film adaptation, and the musical adaptation.[82]
HaloShabana Azmi, an Indian actress, portrays Admiral Margaret Parangosky.[83]
The Little Mermaid2023Black singer/actress Halle Bailey portrays Ariel, originally described as white in Hans Christian Andersen’s "The Little Mermaid" and in the 1989 Disney adaptation. Rob Marshall, the director, said she was cast because "she possesses that rare combination of spirit, heart, youth, innocence, and substance — plus a glorious singing voice — all intrinsic qualities necessary to play this iconic role".[84]
The FlashColombian actress Sasha Calle portrays Supergirl; she is the first Latina to portray the character.[85]
Doctor WhoNathaniel Curtis, a half-Indian actor, plays Isaac Newton.[86]
Percy Jackson and the OlympiansBlack actress Leah Jeffries portrays the character Annabeth Chase, daughter of the Greek goddess Athena, who was described as grey-eyed, blonde-haired white in the books, and played by Alexandra Daddario in the movies.[87]
Titanic2023 - 2024A 2023 UK tour had black actress Bree Smith playing Alice Beane (based on Ethel Beane).[88] One reviewer praised Smith's performance but felt it an “odd choice made by the casting team…I couldn’t help but initially think that in an authentic setting, a black woman would not be fangirling over people who most likely wouldn’t treat her very well. The choice doesn’t hurt (but) it can pull you out of the experience if you think too long about the era’s politics that wouldn’t have stopped and the gangplank.”[89] A 2024 Off-Broadway concert as part of the Encores! series, will have Chuck Cooper portray Captain E. J. Smith and Iranian Ramin Karimloo as Frederick Barrett.[90]
Mean Girls2024Avantika as Karen, Auliʻi Cravalho as Janis and Jaquel Spivey as Damian who are white in 2004 film and the musical adaptation[91]

The Non-Traditional Casting Project

The Non-Traditional Casting Project was founded in 1986 to examine problems of racial discrimination in theatre, film and television.[92] The Actors' Equity Association is a co-founder.[93]

Debate and "color-consciousness"

In the theatre community, there is significant debate over the concept of color-blind casting vs "color-conscious casting".

In 1996, Pulitzer-winning playwright August Wilson, who is black, used his Princeton University address on black culture in the United States "The Ground on Which I Stand" to attack the notion of color-blind casting.[94]

In 2017, Associate Editor of American Theatre magazine Diep Tran declared "color-conscious" to be a preferable term. "Color-conscious means we're aware of the historic discrimination in the entertainment industry... and we're also aware of what it means to put a body of color onstage.".[95] The idea promotes intentionality and race-conscious affirmative action to avoid racially homogeneous casts, and has been supported widely across the theatre community.[96] [97]

In 2018, the Harvard Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law published the article "There's No Business Like Show Business: Abandoning Color-Blind Casting and Embracing Color-Conscious Casting in American Theatre". The article discussed the implications for US employment law and mooted that color-blind casting has not produced its intended result. "Race is still a determining factor in American society, and it is counterintuitive to argue that problems related to race can be fixed by ignoring race altogether".[98] The Broad Online calls a color-blind casting "a superficial solution to a deeper problem."[99]

Popular shows that employ color-conscious casting include: , the BBC's Les Misérables, and the film Mary Queen of Scots (in which the black actor Adrian Lester plays a 16th-century ambassador). In 2017, director Michael Streeter made a color-conscious casting decision for his production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? - believing "the decision would add depth to the play". Edward Albee's estate denied permission for the production, stating the casting "would fundamentally change the meaning and message of the play".[100]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Downs . William Missouri . The Art of Theatre: A Concise Introduction . 2013 . Wadsworth, Cengage Learning . Boston, MA . 978-1-111-34831-1 . 181–182 . registration.
  2. News: Eisenberg . Alan . NONTRADITIONAL CASTING; When Race and Sex Don't Matter . The New York Times . 1988-10-23 . 6 February 2017 . 18 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170318065413/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/23/theater/l-nontraditional-casting-when-race-and-sex-don-t-matter-486788.html . live .
  3. Ayanna Thompson, "Practicing a Theory/Theorizing a Practice: An Introduction to Shakespearean Colorblind Casting", in Ayanna Thompson, ed., Colorblind Shakespeare: New Perspectives on Race and Performance (Routledge, 2006), 1-24, p. 5.
  4. News: Catching up with diva Grace Bumbry. Miller. Sarah Bryan. 8 May 2016. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 24 February 2019. 21 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321172327/https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/culture-club/catching-up-with-diva-grace-bumbry/article_36bfa783-f1e3-5548-b60f-2add4ff6ed11.html. live.
  5. Web site: Mitchell . Maurice . EARTHA KITT: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FIRST BLACK CATWOMAN . The Geek Twins . 15 October 2019 . 28 May 2020 . 9 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809084131/http://www.thegeektwins.com/2019/10/eartha-kitt-brief-history-of-first.html . live .
  6. Web site: Onstad . Katrina . Horror Auteur Is Unfinished With the Undead . The New York Times. 10 Feb 2008 . 22 December 2023 . 6 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006050628/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/10/movies/10onst.html . live . "Because he gave the best audition, a black actor, Duane Jones, was cast as the heroic lead, a role never intended for an African-American.".
  7. Louise Jury, "Colour-blind casting finds new stars for Billy Elliott", The Independent.
  8. Web site: Evening Standard Theatre Awards, 1990 . 29 June 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100917150938/http://albemarle-london.com/awards/AwardWinners.php?Award_Type=Evening%20Standard%20Awards&Year=1990 . 17 September 2010 . dead.
  9. Web site: Top Ten Reasons We Can't Get Enough of The Shawshank Redemption. 19 November 2016. 18 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170218193149/http://www.amc.com/talk/2011/02/top-ten-reasons-we-cant-get-enough-shawshank. dead.
  10. Fiachra Gibbons, "RSC casts black actor as English king for first time", The Guardian, 19 September 2000.
  11. [Hugh Quarshie]
  12. Kate Kellaway, "My kingdom for a part", The Observer, 8 July 2001.
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  14. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/08/arts/television/08foge.html Matthew Fogel, "'Grey's Anatomy' Goes Colorblind"
  15. http://www.episodeworld.com/episode/306185/Robin_Hood/3x01/Total_Eclipse "Robin Hood (2006) - 3x01 - Total_Eclipse"
  16. https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/mediapacks/merlin5/angel-coulby/ "Interview with Angel Coulby"
  17. Tim Walker, "Black actors are 'forced to leave Britain for America'", The Telegraph, 17 June 2011.
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  28. Web site: 'Beauty and the Beast' Adds Broadway Star Audra McDonald . 30 March 2015 .
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  31. Web site: Thor: Ragnarok Director Defends Casting Tessa Thompson as Valkyrie! . 16 July 2016 .
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  33. Web site: Denise . Petski . K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix's 'A Series Of Unfortunate Events' – Deadline . Deadline.com . 2016-03-08 . 2022-08-11.
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  40. News: BAZAAR Spotlight: Meet Lewis Tan, Hollywood's Kickass Asian Action Star. 2018-05-10. Harper's Bazaar Singapore. 2018-05-24. en-US. 24 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222323/http://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/life/celebrities/bazaar-spotlight-lewis-tan-asian-action-star-deadpool-2-interview/. live.
  41. Web site: Michael B. Jordan Talks Significance of Inclusivity in 'Fahrenheit 451'. 19 May 2018. 23 August 2018. Real. Evan. The Hollywood Reporter. 24 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180824065954/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/michael-b-jordan-talks-inclusivity-fahrenheit-451-1113046. live.
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  46. Web site: Mueller . Matt . Emmys 2019: David Oyelowo on colour-blind casting, 'Les Miserables' and directing | Features | Screen . Screendaily.com . 2019-06-11 . 2022-08-11.
  47. Web site: Mike Fleming Jr . Jamie Foxx Cast As Little John In 'Robin Hood: Origins' Movie – Deadline . Deadline.com . 2016-01-11 . 2022-08-11.
  48. Web site: 'Krypton': Colin Salmon Talks Bringing General Zod to Life .
  49. Web site: See Who's Bringing Mean Girls to Broadway . Playbill.com . 2018-02-02 . 2018-02-02.
  50. Web site: The Witcher: First Look at Anya Chalotra as Yennefer in Season 2 . 7 October 2020 .
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  54. News: Clarke. Donald. Calm down online bores, colour-blind casting isn't 'woke'. 2020-07-02. The Irish Times. en. 1 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201101045427/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/calm-down-online-bores-colour-blind-casting-isn-t-woke-1.4156284. live.
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