Austin Dam failure (Pennsylvania) explained

Austin Dam
Dam Crosses:Freeman Run
Res Name:Austin Dam Pool
Location:Keating Township, Potter County, near Austin, Pennsylvania
Operator:Bayless Pulp & Paper Company
Dam Length:540feet[1]
Dam Height:50feet
Opening:December 1909
Demolished:September 30, 1911
Res Capacity Total:200000000USgal
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Austin Dam
Location:PA 872, Austin, Pennsylvania
Coordinates:41.6531°N -78.0856°W
Built:1911
Builder:Hatton, T. Chalkey
Added:January 15, 1987
Refnum:86003570

The Austin Dam, also known as the Bayless Dam, was a concrete gravity dam in the Austin, Pennsylvania, area that served the Bayless Pulp and Paper Mill. Built in 1909, it was the largest dam of its type in Pennsylvania at the time. The catastrophic failure of the dam on September 30, 1911, caused significant destruction and loss of life in Freeman Run Valley below the dam.

History

In 1900, George Bayless, owner of Bayless Paper, built a paper mill in the Freeman Run Valley. By 1909, the company realized that occasional dry seasons required a more reliable water source. After finding a small earthen dam to be inadequate, the T. Chalkey Hatton firm was commissioned to build a large concrete gravity dam across the valley. The dam was 50feet high and 540feet long, and cost $86,000 to construct, (nearly $3,000,000 today adjusted for inflation). It was designed to be 30 feet thick, but was built only 20 feet thick.[2] Because it was deemed too expensive, an underground vertical concrete slab, which had been designed to prevent water seeping under the dam through the soil on which the dam sat, was not built, on Bayless's orders. At the time, Pennsylvania had no state regulations or requirements about the building of dams.[3]

The inhabitants of the town of Austin, Pennsylvania, downstream from the dam, referred to it, with Bayless's encouragement, as "The dam that could not break."

Within only a few months of its completion, problems were detected. Water was seeping under the dam, which also bowed more than 36feet under the pressure of the water it was holding, and the concrete started cracking. The bowing was alleviated by using dynamite to blast a 13feet space for the excess water to spill over. The cracking was claimed to be normal because of the drying concrete.

On September 30, 1911, a holiday, after a week of rainstorms that raised the level of the reservoir to only 2 feet below the overflow level, the dam failed. Part of the structure slid down about, while another opened like a door, allowing the impounded water to flow freely down the narrow valley. The wall of water destroyed the paper mill and much of the town of Austin, which was so deeply covered by water in places that only church steeples could be seen. Due to the slope of the valley, the east side of the town received more damage.

Around 3,000 people were in Austin that day, and the catastrophic failure of the dam resulted in the deaths of 78 of them, and roughly $10 million in property damage. Cora Brooks, the madam of the town's brothel, which was located upstream of the town, saw the failure coming and warned the town, saving many lives.The paper mill and dam were subsequently rebuilt, but the mill was lost in a fire in 1933. A new dam was built, but it also failed, in 1942, with no loss of life. The dam was not replaced after the second failure.

Legacy

The victims of the dam break are commemorated in the Austin Dam Memorial Park.

The remains of the failed first dam still stand. The ruins consist of a series of broken sections extending east-west across the Freeman Run Valley - five upright sections and two large and several smaller toppled sections.[4] The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

In popular culture

External links

Notes and References

  1. Wise . Eric . September 2005 . The Day Austin Died . Penn Lines . Pennsylvania Rural Electric Association . . 40 . 9 . 8–11 . 2009-09-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101219205353/http://prea.com/Uploads/pennlines/september2005.pdf . 2010-12-19 . dead .
  2. News: Flaws in Austin Dam. Only Twenty Feet Thick, Though Plans Called for Thirty. . The recent disaster at Austin. Penn., resulted from alleged failure to carry out the original plans for the construction of the dam, according to a statement given out to-day by the State Conservation Commission. . . October 31, 1911 . 2010-11-07 .
  3. "Factory of Death" (January 14, 2021) Mysteries of the Abandoned (season 7, episode 5) Science Channel
  4. Web site: National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania. CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Searchable database. 2012-12-30. 2007-07-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20070721014609/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp. dead. Note: This includes Web site: [{{NRHP-PA|H046777_01H.pdf}} National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Austin Dam]. 2012-05-30. Robert K. Curren and William Sisson. PDF. October 1986.
  5. Web site: The Austin Disaster 1911: A Chronicle of Human Character. Largey. Gale. 2009-10-30.
  6. Web site: Volume 2: Filmography - Austin Flood . Bowers . Q. David . 2023-04-03.